Introduction: Cervical cancer affects half a million women worldwide annually. Given the association between high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection and carcinogenesis, hrHPV DNA testing became an essential diagnostic tool. However, hrHPV alone does not cause the disease, and, most importantly, many cervical lesions regress to normal in a year because of the host immune system. Hence, the low specificity of hrHPV DNA tests and their inability to predict the outcome of infections have triggered a further search for biomarkers. Areas covered: We evaluated the latest viral and cellular biomarkers validated for clinical use as primary screening or triage for cervical cancer and assessed their promise for prevention as well as potential use in the future. The literature search focused on effective biomarkers for different stages of the disease, aiming to determine their significance in predicting the outcome of hrHPV infections. Expert opinion: Biomarkers such as p16/Ki-67, hrHPV genotyping, hrHPV transcriptional status, and methylation patterns have demonstrated promising results. Their eventual implementation in the screening programs may support the prompt diagnosis of hrHPV infection and its progression to cancer. These biomarkers will help in making clinical management decisions on time, thus, saving the lives of hrHPV-infected women, particularly in developing countries.

In the swine industry, most artificial inseminations (AI) are carried out using extended liquid semen as sperm cryopreservation remains suboptimal, and with individual differences are becoming more marked as storage time increases (De Ambrogi et al., 2006).However, AI doses stored for more than 24 hr have been related to decreased fertility (Christensen et al., 2004). Unlike spermatozoa in seminal plasma, which retain motility for a few hours, AI doses pursue to control not only the reduction of the metabolic activity by