La destinée de la «subculture rouge» dans le Centre-Nord de l'Italie.
Mario Caciagli [45-60].
La subculture rouge, née à la fin du siècle dernier dans le Centre-Nord de l'Italie et reformulée depuis le fascisme à l'intérieur du Parti communiste italien qui a su attirer vers lui les masses rurales, était déjà en crise dans les années quatre-vingt. La disparition du PCI et de l'URSS ont menacé de la voir être totalement anéantie. Cependant, la formation d'un gouvernement de droite sous l'égide de Silvio Berlusconi, avec la participation d'Alleanza nazionale (héritier du Mouvement social italien) a réactivé des éléments importants de cette subculture, l'antifascisme et l'anticentralisme, en lui donnant une force nouvelle. La destinée de la subculture rouge est alors suspendue, au moins pendant la durée de la turbulente transition italienne.
The main theoretical question confronted in this article concerns the nature and character of the Christian Democratic party (DC) in Catania and in Southern Italy. The Catania DC was transformed in the early fifties from a party of representation led by “notables” to a modern party under the direction of a new class of party professionals. The DC has become a mass party, containing various characteristics attributed to the mass party model in the literature; but it lacks some mass party features and contains others which are extraneous to it. The particular use of the party's mass membership in the intraparty struggle for position and power and the employment of the instrument of clientelism for achieving its goal, is what distinguishes the Southern Italy party. A mass‐based structure, clientelism and the use of public resources for distributing benefits are the main characteristics of the mass clientele party. The article examines the structure and the mode of operation of the mass clientele party; the principal sets of social, economic and political conditions necessary for the emergence of such a party; the functions it performs in the regional and national political systems.
IntroduzioneRiscoperto dall'antropologia negli anni cinquanta, il clientelismo è stato ormai recepito come consolidata categoria analistica dalle altre scienze sociali, in particolare dalla scienza politica, dove si è venuto definitivamente affermando negli ultimi vent'anni. Serve a studiare rapporti informali di potere, basati sullo scambio di favori fra due persone (ma anche fra due gruppi) in posizione diseguale, ciascuna interessata ad un alleato più forte o più debole. È stato definito come un «rapporto diadico» (Scott 1972; Landé 1973), in virtù del quale una persona di status più elevato(patrono) usa la sua influenza e le sue risorse per procurare protezione e benefici ad una persona di status inferiore (cliente), che ricambia offrendo sostegno o servizi.
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