RESUMO -Apresentamos revisão sobre o tratamento atual da espasticidade, enfocando a terapêutica farmacológica, fisioterápica e através da utilização de toxina botulínica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: espasticidade, fisioterapia, toxina botulínica. Treatment of spasticity: an updateABSTRACT -We present an update about the treatment of spasticity, stressing the pharmacological treatment, physical therapy and botulinum toxin therapy.KEY WORDS: spasticity, physical therapy, botulinum toxin.A espasticidade pode ser definida como o aumento, velocidade dependente, do tônus muscular, com exacerbação dos reflexos profundos, decorrente de hiperexcitabilidade do reflexo do estiramento. A espasticidade associa-se, dentro da síndrome do neurônio motor superior, com a presença de fraqueza muscular, hiperreflexia profunda e presença de reflexos cutâneo-musculares patológicos, como o sinal de Babinski 1-4 .Dentre os vários mecanismos fisiopatológicos, originados em vários pontos da via do reflexo do estiramento, envolvendo os motoneurônios alfa, gama, interneurônios da medula espinhal e vias aferentes e eferentes, sobressai a teoria clássica do aumento do tônus, secundário à perda das influências inibitórias descendentes (via retículo-espinhal), como resultado de lesões comprometendo o trato córtico-espinhal (piramidal, agora melhor definido como vias mediadoras de influências supra-espinhais sobre a medula espinhal). A perda da influência inibitória descendente resultará em aumento da excitabilidade dos neurônios fusimotores gama e dos moto-neurônios alfa [1][2][3][4][5] . Os principais neurotransmissores envolvidos no mecanismo do tônus muscular são: ácido gamaminobutírico (GABA) e glicina (inibitórios) e glutamato (excitatório), além da noradrenalina, serotonina e de neuromoduladores como a adenosina e vários neuropeptídeos.

The physical, social and emotional aspects are the most affected in the quality of life of the patients with cervical dystonia Os aspectos físicos, sociais e emocionais são os mais afetados na qualidade de vida dos pacientes com distonia cervical

-We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) in the treatment of spasticity in 20 children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). All the patients received injections in the gastrocnemius and soleus, and 15 received injections in the adductors. The total dose varied from 70 to 140 U (99.75±16.26 U), or 7.45±2.06 U/kg per patient. The treatment improved the patients' walking and gait pattern significantly. There was also a significant alteration in the heel-ground distance and increased motion of the ankle joint. These structural changes in the feet were sustained until the end of the follow-up, although the same was not observed for the functional parameters. Three patients complained of weakness in the lower limbs. In conclusion, BoNT/A is safe and effective when used in a single session of injections and produces a sustained structural modification of the lower limbs. However, functional changes are temporary and are only observed during the peak effect of the drug.Key Words: cerebral palsy, botulinum toxin, spasticity. Toxina botulínica tipo A como tratamento para espasticidade de membros inferiores em crianças com paralisia cerebralResumo -Para avaliação da segurança e eficácia do tratamento com toxina botulínica A (TB-A) na espasticidade na paralisia cerebral (PC), foram selecionadas 20 crianças com a forma diplegia espástica. Todos os pacientes receberam injeções nos gastrocnêmios e sóleos, 15 receberam doses nos adutores da coxa. A dose total variou de 70 a 140 Us (99,75±16,26 U), 7,45±2,06 U/Kg por paciente. o tratamento com a TB-A melhorou significativamente a deambulação e o padrão de marcha. Houve também significativa alteração da distância tornozelo-solo e aumento da amplitude de movimento da articulação do tornozelo. essas mudanças estruturais dos pés se mantiveram até o final do acompanhamento. o mesmo não foi observado com parâmetros funcionais. Três pacientes apresentaram fraqueza em membros inferiores. Conclui-se que a TB-A, em uma única aplicação, é segura e eficaz. Há modificação sustentada da estrutura motora dos membros inferiores, porém mudanças funcionais são temporárias, durante o pico de ação do medicamento.PAlAvrAs-CHAve: paralisia cerebral, espasticidade, toxina botulínica.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system that evolves slowly and progressively and is characterized by bradykinesia, muscle rigidity and resting tremor among other motor signs and symptoms 1,2 . Quality of life is significantly impaired not only by motor symptoms, but also by non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, pain, constipation, hyposmia and sleep disturbances 3,4 . There are few studies on the incidence and prevalence of PD in Brazil; however, the most recent study shows that the disease affects 3.3% of Brazilians over the age of 60 years 4 . One of the concerns when treating PD patients is to improve their quality of life. This includes their physical, functional and emotional well-being, their degree of independence and their family relationships, as well as social, economic and political aspects of their lives 5,6 . A decline in quality of life in individuals with PD has been associated with worsening motor symptoms and the combination of neurodegenerative phenomena, psychological suffering and stigma associated with the disease

Objective: The participation in sports and recreational activities promotes inclusion and the quality of life (QOL) for people with some type of disability. This study aims to evaluate and describe the effect of adapted sports (AS) on the QOL and biopsychosocial profile of children/adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods: Forty-seven children/adolescents with CP were evaluated and referred to AS (soccer and swimming). The QOL was evaluated by the Pediatric Outcome Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) and the biopsychosocial profile by the Behavior Checklist for Children/Adolescents (CBCL). These instruments considered the influence of gender, age, race, social income, education and topography of spasticity. Results: Seventeen children/adolescents who practiced AS were re-evaluated after one year. There was significant improvement in the dimensions of transfers and mobility (p=0.009), upper extremity function (p=0.021) and global function (p=0.004) of IARRP. There was significant improvement considering the attention disorder syndrome (p=0.026), and the attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (p=0.008) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-oriented analysis (CBCL). Children/adolescents with diplegia obtained greater benefit than those with hemiplegia in relation to the comfort and pain (p=0.02) and global dimension (p=0.027) (PODCI). The boys had higher scores in total competence (p=0.048); the extremely poor group obtained higher levels in the breaking rules syndrome (p=0.008). Conclusions: The AS had a positive effect on the QOL and biopsychosocial profile of children/adolescents with CP in this sample, especially considering the global and upper extremity function, capacity for transfers and mobility, and benefits in the problems related to difficulties in attention.