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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of country (Spain, Romania, and Czech 12Republic) and botanical origin, on the physicochemical (HMF, diastase activity, moisture 13 content, electrical conductivity), colour (Pfund scale and CIEL*a*b*), principal sugars 14 (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and volatile composition of acacia, sunflower and tilia honeys. 15PCA analyses considering these variables showed that honey type had a far greater influence 16 on the differentiation of samples (above all due to the presence of certain volatile compounds 17 such as carvacrol and -terpinene for tilia honey;-pinene and 3-methyl-2-butanol for 18 sunflower honey, and cis-linalool oxide for acacia honey) than geographical origin.

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The analysis of propolis is controversial, hampering the comparison of its biological properties and estimation of its commercial value. This work evaluates the effectiveness of combining maceration and ultrasonication extraction techniques on the yield, total phenol content (Folin-Ciocalteau) and the specific phenolic compounds (HPLC-UV), on propolis from different origins. The extraction method was not significant in any case; therefore ultrasonication is recommended (time-saving) but only when a double extraction is performed. Propolis yield varies significantly between samples, as it includes impurities, consequently the results should be expressed considering the yield (as balsam) instead of raw propolis. Of the 13 quantified phenolic compounds, CAPE and pinocembrin (803 and 701 mg/g balsam) stand out. The phenolic profile of a propolis must be fixed using both total phenol content (with a consensus reference compound) and the specific phenolic compounds, since the latter provides information about compounds that can play a significant antioxidant role.