This paper discusses some design and management issues in running an open PKI, based on the experience gained in the day-by-day operation of the EuroPKI infrastructure. The problems are discussed with an historical perspective that includes real-life lessons learnt in EuroPKI about certification practices, services and applications. Userreported problems are also discussed to identify problems that hamper large scale adoption of public-key certificates. The article closes with a general outlook for the field and the description of the future EuroPKI plans.

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The ideas presented in this paper are summarized as follows. The first idea entails improving the security of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) architectures by means of asymmetric cryptography and digital signatures and measuring the performance overhead. This allows achieving some obvious subsequent goals such as data-origin authentication, and the traceability and implicit nonrepudiation of commands given to intelligent field and direct control equipment. The possibility to include digital signatures with a minimum impact on a standard and a reliable data communication protocol, such as Distributed Network Protocol version 3 (DNP3), also known to have a mature, industrially validated, opensource implementation, has been tested and the results are presented. A second idea concerns designing and developing a multitenant cloud-based architecture for a SCADA environment. This hypothesis focuses on certain SCADA operators that manage multiple industrial control systems (ICS) and intend to consolidate process data in a centralized manner. INDEX TERMS digital signatures, cybersecurity, SCADA, industrial control system, cloud-based services.

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