One of the most durable consequences of the development of plantation farming in the tropics was the establishment of varied systems of native land rights which allowed administering authorities, whether colonial or otherwise, to demarcate, alienate and sell land to investors. Without the codification of land rights, land could not have been bought, sold and leased as a commodity and security of tenure for the overseas investor would have been uncertain. The development of such land rights in British North Borneo, now known as Sabah, between 1880 and 1930 is the subject of this paper. It is argued that the elaboration of a Land Code which classified land with native title, state land, and land leased to investors was closely linked with the development of plantation farming for tobacco and rubber. The paper seeks to examine the economic, legal and social context within which native land rights were formulated.

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Bullying is clearly a major issue for New Zealand schools. This article suggests an anti-bullying approach that can be used in schools to teach people about the dynamics of bullying and help them find solutions to bullying. It is based on the use of a hypothetical scenario, “On the Bus”, which focuses the attention of students on the dynamics of bullying, and encourages them to go through a reflective process of finding ways to stop this particular instance of bullying. It also encourages them to think about, and discuss, the outcomes of bullying for those involved, for the school, and for the community at large.