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No abstract

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)The inhalation toxicity of cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) was examined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by whole-body in a dynamic 750-L chamber. The objectives of this study were to 1) validate vapor detection methods for GF, starting in the lethal to near-lethal concentration range; 2) examine dose-response effects of inhaled GF vapor, analyze the relationship between concentration (C) and exposure duration (t) in determining probability of lethality; and 3) establish a lethal potency ratio between GF and the more volatile agent sarin (GB). The GF vapor concentrations were generated for exposure times of 10, 60, and 240 min. Doseresponse curves with associated slopes were determined by the Bliss probit method. Concentration-exposure time values for lethality in 50% of the exposed population (LCt 5 o) were calculated for 24-hr and 14-day post exposure periods for 10-, 60-, and 240-min exposures. At longer exposure durations, the LCt 50 for GF was less than for GB, but at shorter exposure durations, the LCt 50 for GF was more than for GB. Empirical models, consisting of the toxic load model plus higher order terms, were fit to the data to test the adequacy of the model and to identify statistically significant patterns.

a b s t r a c tComposting swine slurries has several advantages, liquid slurries are converted to solids at lower moisture, the total volume and weight of material is reduced and the stabilized product is more easily transported off-site. Despite this, swine waste is generally stored, treated and applied in its liquid form. High-rise finishing facilities (HRFF) permit liquid slurries to be converted to solids which are partially decomposed underneath the HRFF and then finished in compost windrows. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of turning frequency and ambient weather conditions on biological, physical and chemical properties of composted slurry-woodchip mixtures from HRFF. Compost trials were conducted in either fall (FT) or spring (ST) and piles were turned once or three times per week or upon compost temperature reaching 65°C. Physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics were measured over the course of 112 (FT) or 143 (ST) days of composting. Total carbon, total nitrogen (N) and inorganic N decreased in all piles. Ammonium decreased while nitrate increased in all piles (including unturned), but total N losses were greatest in piles turned more frequently during the ST. Microbial populations of nitrifiers were dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (3.0 Â 10 3 -4.2 Â 10 6 cells g À1 compost) but ammonia oxidizing bacteria (below detection to 6.0 Â 10 5 cells g À1 compost) varied in response to turning and compost temperature; denitrifiers were present in high concentrations throughout the process. Swine HRFF materials composted well in windrows regardless of turning frequency and despite significant differences in starting materials and low initial C/N. Volume reduction, low moisture and low readily degradable organic matter suggest that the finished compost would have lower transportation costs and should provide value as a soil conditioner. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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