Bacterial biofilm formation has been implicated in the high incidence of persistent otorrhoea after tympanostomy tube insertion. The aim of the study was to investigate whether biofilm formation on tympanostomy tubes depends on the genetic profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Capacity of biofilm formation on fluoroplastic tympanostomy tubes (TTs) was tested on 30 MRSA strains. Identification and methicillin resistance were confirmed by PCR for nuc and mecA genes. Strains were genotypically characterised (SCCmec, agr and spa typing). Biofilm formation was tested in microtiter plate and on TTs. Tested MRSA strains were classified into SCCmec type I (36.7 %), III (23.3 %), IV (26.7 %) and V (13.3 %), agr type I (50 %), II (36.7 %) and III (13.3 %), and 5 clonal complexes (CCs). All tested MRSA strains showed ability to form biofilm on microtiter plate. Capacity of biofilm formation on TTs was as following: 13.3 % of strains belonged to the category of no biofilm producers, 50 % to the category of weak biofilm producers and 36.7 % to moderate biofilm producers. There was a statistically significant difference between CC, SCCmec and agr types and the category of biofilm production on TTs tubes (p < 0.001): CC5, SCCmecI type and agrII type with a moderate amount of biofilm, and CC8 and agrI type with a low amount of biofilm. Biofilm formation by MRSA on TTs is highly dependent on genetic characteristics of the strains. Therefore, MRSA genotyping may aid the determination of the possibility of biofilm-related post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea.

As part of the EU's Digital Finance Strategy, the European Commission's proposed Regulation on Markets in Crypto Assets is currently going through its first readings in the Council. The goals of this regulation include protection of the customers, promoting innovation, unification of the regulation of cryptocurrencies at the EU market, etc. However, in parallel with this normative initiative, Estonia is already mulling the overhaul of its entire system of crypto-licensing. A Danske bank scandal demonstrated weaknesses of the current cryptolicensing and it is now on the Estonian government, as the first EU government to encounter this kind of situation, to try to improve current regulation. In this article, both MiCA and the roots of the potential overhaul of crypto-licensing in Estonia will be analysed.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is in search of a new identity after the dissolution of the bipolar world and the completion of the decolonization process. In that sense, the NAM is often perceived as a balance between great powers, particularly the US and China. Therefore, the author will investigate this possibility. However, the focus of this article will be on the analysis of the administrative structure of the NAM and the possibility of transforming it into a more coherent organization. Furthermore, the analysis of the most prominent topics in the area of international law and reform of the United Nations, mainly contained within the final documents of the NAM summits, will also be conducted.

United States foreign policy has been the subject of numerous debates, articles, books, and policy research. This is a consequence of the overwhelming presence and dominance of the United States over the past decades on the international stage. One particularly interesting aspect of the US foreign policy is its relation with the United Nations. As one of the founders and most influential members of the United Nations, the United States? position is under a lot of scrutiny as it represents one of the main drivers of the UN policy. In this article, the author will investigate how the first year and a half of the Biden administration influenced US-UN relations. A special place will be given to the Trump administration?s approach to the UN-US relation, but a historical context will also be given. The methodology used for data collection focused on US and UN documents and resolutions, as well as the most relevant and current international and national authors, that focused on particular elements relevant to the research. This kind of analysis requires a historical approach to legal research, which was utilized for comparative analysis in this article. One of the conclusions was that regardless of how unconventional and destructive the Trump administration was towards the UN, it did not disrupt the constant of the US-UN relations.

The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the case of mutual claims for the breach of the Genocide Convention between Croatia and Serbia represents the final outcome of 16 years of a dispute which burdened their bilateral relations on everyday basis. Bearing in mind that the International Court of Justice, as the international judicial authority with highest legitimacy in contemporary international order, found both claims to be unfounded, the judgment can represent an impulse for governments of both countries to settle the problematic legacy of years of conflict and mutual allegations. However, some passages from the judgment might be used also as means of diplomatic pressure by both governments, since the International Court of Justice blamed the Croatian government for the grave crimes short of genocide commited during the Operation Storm, but also adopted the interpretation of the ICTY?s joint criminal enterprise jurisprudence which foreshadows further prosecutions for political personalities allegedly connected with the conception of Greater Serbia. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179029: Srbija u savremenim medjunarodnim odnosima: Strateski pravci razvoja i ucvrscivanja polozaja Srbije u medjunarodnim integrativnim procesima - spoljnopoliticki, medjunarodnoekonomski, pravni i bezbednosni aspekti]