Ma'pasa' Tedong is one of the ritual parts of Rambu Solo', a funeral ritual series in Toraja culture, Tana Toraja regency, South Sulawesi province, Indonesia. In this ethnicity, the ritual, Singgi' is communicated using a high level of Tominaa language. Therefore, this study aims to describe and explain the cultural attitudes of the Toraja ethnic recorded in Ma'pasa' Tedong discourse. This is qualitative research with the hermeneutic approach used to interpret and explain the meaning of Ma'pasa' Tedong discourses that reflect personal identity, social attitudes, and Toraja ethnic beliefs. Data were obtained by recording, interviewing two Tominaa inhabitants, and conducting a document study. The data were analyzed qualitatively by interpreting the meaning through the following stages (a) understanding the speech, (b) drawing, adjusting, and reflecting the results based on concrete actions by the Toraja ethnic group, and (c) interpreting the reflection results under its existence. The results showed that the Toraja ethnic group has self-awareness, tolerance, tenacity, honesty, discipline, and a tough personality. In addition, these personalities underlie politeness, tolerance, care, social, and cooperation in society. The unique and distinctive attitude of this ethnic group is reflected in their belief in carrying out the Rambu Solo' ritual. These findings were cultural documents with significant meaning for anyone interested in understanding the Toraja ethnic culture. Ma' pasa Tedong event contains relevant messages that aid in the community's development and reflect the Toraja ethnic group's culture. As a cultural heritage, its verses contain various ideas and values (meanings) useful for molding and shaping people's character.

Language plays an essential role in conveying knowledge and attitudes, including classroom culture. However, local languages ​​are no longer well understood by the younger generation for several reasons, including prestige. This study aims to analyze how changes in students' attitudes, attendance, and activities in learning Toraja language variations in elementary school students and describe student learning outcomes of Toraja language variations in elementary school students. This type of research uses mixed methods. The research design used for qualitative is descriptive qualitative, and quasi-experimental applied quantitatively. The respondents of this study were elementary school students. The research sample selection technique used purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques used are thematic analysis techniques and statistical techniques. The results of this study indicate that, in general, the results achieved by students after the implementation of the Toraja Language Variation Learning learning process for elementary school children at the Ke'te' Kesu' Toraja tourist location can provide an increase both in changes in student attitudes, activeness, attention, and motivation in completing assignments. Student learning outcomes in the variation of Toraja language learning in elementary school students at the Ke'te' Kesu' Toraja tourist location are in a suitable category. In applied linguistics, this research provides new vocabulary related to social context. This study provides local oral literature as an insight for students to expand their knowledge of literary works.

Secara umum, masih banyak akademisi yang melakukan sitasi secara manual sehinggah tidak memperlihatkan konsistensi pengutipan yang tepat. Pada pelatihan penggunaan reference manager pada Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris UKI Toraja, aplikasi yang digunakan adalah Mendeley. Setelah pelaksanaan pelatihan penggunaan reference manager aplikasi mendeley ini, penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa peserta mahasiswa mampu untuk membuat akun dan instalasi Mendeley, meng-install Plugin untuk Microsoft Office Word, meng-install Plugin untuk Web Browser, menggunakan aplikasi Mendeley, menambahkan referensi dari file, menambahkan referensi manual, menambahkan referensi dari Web Browser, mengubah detail referensi, menambahkan kutipan pada dokumen, menambahkan daftar pustaka, menambah gaya pengutipan, dan mengubah gaya pengutipan. Dengan demikian melalui pelatihan ini selain memantapkan penggunaan aplikasi mendeley dalam penulisan karya ilmiah juga menjadi harapan ke depan agar mahasiswa bisa menghasilkan karya ilmiah yang berkulitas.

Literature in Toraja, especially oral literature, is important as the identity and the way of life of the community. As one form of cultural products, the philosophy of Tallu Lolona and Hymns of Passomba Tedong is supposed to be kept and constructed due to the Torajan youth generation does not know and understand yet the philosophy of Tallu Lolona in the local wisdom of Toraja. Their comprehension regarding the hymn of Passomba Tedong is merely to witness his ritual without a clear understanding of the hymns spoken in the procedure. Moreover, the number of Tomassomba Tedong (a speaker of Massomba Tedong hymns) in Toraja is only a few years old. The purpose of this research is to describe the philosophy of Tallu Lolona in the hymn of Passomba Tedong, Toraja. The research uses qualitative methods in collecting data. Researchers use instruments, namely: In-depth interviews with linguists and Toraja culture, Tomassomba (the hymn speaker of the Passomba Tedong). The participation observation is equipped by a filed note (observation guide), and a recording tool to document the results of interviews, pictures (photos) with the camera and video capture of the hymn procession of Passomba Tedong. This research was conducted in Toraja. The data analysis technique used the cyclical pattern.

The objective of the research was to find out whether or not describing people improve students’ self-confidence in speaking skill by the second grade of SMK Kristen Makale. In doing this research, the writer used quantitative method. The population of this research was the second grade students which consist of 139 students and divided into eight classes. This research employs a cluster sampling where the writer took only 25 students as respondents. The instrument that used by the writer in collecting data is questionnaire. The result of this research found that describing people could improve students’ self-confidence in speaking. It was proved by the mean score of the students in questionnaire one (Q1) is 67.88 (precisely self-confidence level) and students mean score in questionnaire two (Q2) is 79.76 (medium self-confidence level). It means that the students have shown raising the self-confidence level from precisely into the medium after learning using describing people.