The objective of the study is to reach shorter seeds of forest cloves through the application of growth inhibitors, namely paclobutrazol. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) one factor with three replications. The experimental factor was 5 concentrations of paclobutrazol which were 0 ppm (control), 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm. The results revealed that the concentration of paclobutrazol 75-100 ppm produces shorter forest clove seedlings with higher leaf chlorophyll content.

Abstract. Mahulette AS, Alfian A, Kilkoda KA, Lawalata IJ, Marasabessy DA, Tanasale VL, Makaruku MH. 2021. Isolation and identification of indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) of forest clove rhizosphere from Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3613-3619. Forest clove is classified as wild-type and endemic to the Maluku (Moluccas) Islands, Indonesia. The different condition of growing areas causes various types of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) associated with forest clove. The study aimed to identify and obtain indigenous AMF inoculums from the forest clove rhizosphere from two distribution areas in Maluku. The results of AMF identification found two types of spores from the genus Glomus in the rhizosphere of forest cloves from Ambon Island with a spore density of 35/50 g of soil. In comparison, three spores were found in Seram Island, two from the genus Scutellospora and one from the Acaulospora. With an overall spore density of 5/50 g of soil. After culture trapping, there was a change in type and an increase in spore density in soil samples from the rhizosphere of the two forest clove distribution areas. Soil samples from Ambon after trapping culture obtained two new types of spores from the genus Acaulospora with a total spore number of 57/50 g soil while in soil samples from Seram found three new types of spores from the genus Glomus with a total spore count of 104/50 g of soil.

Biofouling development is a major problem in bilvave aquaculture around the world. The purpose of this study was to obtain macro nutrient analysis data for organic fertilizer from pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima L) biofouling waste. Where is the manufacture of solid organic fertilizer products that have quality equivalent to other commercial organic fertilizers by utilizing pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima L.) biofouling waste so that high quality solid organic fertilizers are produced which are in accordance with the Quality Standards for solid organic fertilizers and the Indonesian National Standard. Organic fertilizer from pearl oyster biofouling waste is obtained by using pearl oyster biofouling waste which is taken from the results of cleaning microorganisms attached to the pearl oyster shell area. Another major concern regarding biofouling is the potential for food competition caused by the attachment of the filter-feeder. Besides, the waste of biofouling pearl oysters is extracted and soaked in fresh water for one week at a time. Afterward, the pearl oyster biofouling waste is dried in the sun to dry, odorless, blackish brown in color. Analysis of macro nutrient content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis of macro nutrient content were Water Content (5.76%), C (14.48%), Organic Matter (24%), N-total (0.92%), P-total (0, 25%), K-total (1.02%), C/N ratio (15.72).

Clove “Raja” is one of the local Maluku clove germplasm, which has characteristics similar to cultivated cloves and wild types. Until now, very limited information that are available on the morphological character of clove “Raja”. This study aims to provide basic information on the morphological diversity of “Raja”. The study was conducted at the location of the distribution of cloves “Raja” in Mamala village, Leihitu sub-district, Central Maluku district, Maluku province, in June-August 2022. The descriptors used referred to Tropical Fruit Descriptors, with some modifications. The clove “Raja” that were characterized belonged to the farmers and consisted of 30 accessions of cloves that were over twenty years old. The characterization variables included the characters of trees, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. The results of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) on 30 plant samples based on 54 morphological characters obtained two accession groups with a dissimilarity coefficient of 41%. The results of the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) got a total diversity of 70.5% where the first group consisted of accessions of cloves “Raja” group I having identifiable characters in the form of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf tip shape; while the second group of clove accessions of “Raja” group I in the form of stem circumference, petiole length, flower length, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit weight. Characteristics of accession of “Raja” cloves group II had distinctive morphological traits in the form of crown shape, upper surface of leaves, lower surface of leaves, leaf thickness, leaf texture, old leaf color, shoot color, leaf tip color, leaf aroma, leaf spiciness, flower stalk length, and seed color.

ABSTRAK Tanaman pala oleh masyarakat Maluku umumnya dikelola secara turun temurun, dikenal dengan pola tanam yang disebut dusung. Dusung memiliki beberapa manfaat yaitu sebagai sumber pendapatan petani, memiliki stabilitas ekologis yang relatif tinggi dan pengelolaannya untuk memelihara dan meningkatkan keunggulan tanaman didalamnya. Permasalahan yang dihadapi petani dalam menurunnya produktivitas tanaman pala di desa Liliboi, desa Hila dan Desa Morela disebabkan oleh faktor budidaya dan produksi tanaman.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan informasi tingkat budidaya tanaman pala yang dibudidayakan dengan pola dusung dan mendiskripsikan karakteristik dusung untuk budidaya dan produksi tanaman pala. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan purposive sampling, sampel diambil secara acak (random sampling) dari setiap petani. Hasil analisis menunjukan karakteristik dusung mencakup Topografi Desa Hila, Morela, Liliboi sangat sesuai untuk budidaya tanaman. Pengambilan keputusan dalam pemilihan tanaman pelindung untuk tanaman pala berdasarkan pengetahuan ekologis petani yang berkembang secara turun temurun yang didasarkan atas kesesuaian kondisi biofisik menunjang, mudah memelihara, keanekaragaman hasil, mudah pemasaran dan menambah ekonomi keluarga. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the level of cultivation of nutmeg plants cultivated with the dusung pattern and describe the characteristics of the dusung for the cultivation and production of nutmeg crops. The method used is a survey method with purposive sampling samples were taken randomly (random sampling) from each farmer. The date taken is the primary date (hamlet topography, land ownership, area, number of trees, spacing, plant age, cropping pattern, and other plantation crops that serve as protection for nutmeg crops). Secondary data (general condition of the location), climate data (average climate for the last 5 years), data on area and nutmeg production, altitude (asl) The results of the analysis show that the characteristics of the hamlet include the topography of Hila, Morela, and Liliboi villages which are very suitable for plant cultivation. The conclusion of the research is that the characteristics of nutmeg farming in the dusung pattern in Hila village, Morela, and Liliboi are very diverse in terms of area, the number of trees, plant spacing, and plant age. The topography of Hila Village, Morela, Liliboi is very suitable for nutmeg cultivation and the state of farming carried out by farmers is a polycultural pattern known as dusun" in Maluku. Decision-making in the selection of protective plants for nutmeg plants is based on the ecological knowledge of farmers that has developed from generation to generation based on the suitability of supporting biophysical conditions, easy maintenance, diversity of results, easy marketing, and increasing the family economy.