Dwa pokolenia polek o praktykach rodzinnych. Między ciągłością a zMianą StreszczeniePolskie rodziny doświadczają paradoksów wynikających z jednoczesnego dążenia do podtrzymywania ciągłości tradycji oraz pozostawania pod wpływem galopujących zmian społecznych. Zmienna wieku -czy szerzej: pokolenia -często uznawana jest za główną oś polaryzującą tzw. tradycyjne oraz nowe rodziny w Polsce. Mając na uwadze dokonującą się zmianę paradygmatyczną w socjologii rodzin, która mówi o przejściu od bycia rodziną do praktykowania rodziny, w artykule przyglądamy się porównawczo praktykom rodzinnym dwóch dorosłych pokoleń Polek na podstawie wyników badania jakościowego. Odpowiadamy na pytanie o to, jak dwa pokolenia realizują rodzinność w trzech obszarach, tak konkretnych rytuałów (śluby, święta), jak i codziennych działań. analizowany materiał empiryczny został zgromadzony techniką indywidualnego wywiadu pogłębionego i pochodzi z badania "tranzycja do macierzyństwa w trzech pokoleniach Polek. Międzygeneracyjne badanie podłużne" (GEMtRa). tekst opiera się na pogłębionej, porównawczej i przekrojowej analizie 34 wywiadów (17 kobiet z dwóch pokoleń).

Changes in the intergenerational family relationships are typically seen through the prism of contemporary parents supporting their children long into adulthood, offering their households as 'feathered nests' during extended transitions to adulthood. However, the majority of research in this realm comes from established welfare states of Western Europe and the Commonwealth and less explicitly addresses inequalities that mark these processes. Drawing on qualitative longitudinal research on transitions to adulthood in Poland, we use a data set of 127 interviews with university students and graduates to illustrate the process of leaving home in the Central and Easter European context. The paper accounts for both the objective (extensive/limited economic capital or resources) and subjective (fast/slow pace) dimensions crucial for how young people move out from parental homes. Our main contribution is a typology of Temporizers, Gymnasts, Runaways and Protectors as ideal types of pathways to leaving home in Poland.

Objective: This study investigated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on intergenerational solidarities in Poland, specifically looking at flows between members of four family generations in the context of first-time motherhood. Background: Unlike other crises, which typically mean that family members rely on one another for support, the pandemic challenges the scope of family solidarities. Little is still known as to how families navigate the particular vulnerability of first-time mothers who might face obstacles in accessing family assistance during lockdowns. Method: The empirical material originates from a Qualitative Longitudinal Study (QLS) on transitions to motherhood in Poland (GEMTRA project, 2018-2021) and features case studies of intergenerational family triads (a first-time mother, her mother, and her grandmother). Two cases have been selected from a large pool of over 100 interviews conducted in two waves. Results: We argue that the crucial stage of family life reified in welcoming the first child serves as special grounds for examining how family support and intergenerational solidarities are maintained, altered, or prioritized during the COVID-19 pandemic. We demonstrate that distinct types of associational, affectual, consensual, functional, normative and structural solidarities are variably affected. Conclusion: We propose a new angle for identifying key support recipients within intergenerational solidarity flows in families during the crisis. Two directions of solidarity flows, towards younger and older generations, respectively, are presented.

AbstraktChociaż migracje Polek cieszyły się dużym zainteresowaniem naukowym, szczyt rozwoju badań genderowych dotyczących wyjazdów zagranicznych objął przede wszystkim doświadczenia kobiet migrujących w latach 80. i 90. XX w., aż do pierwszego pięciolecia poakcesyjnego (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009). Soczewka pokoleniowa oznacza, że badanymi były przede wszystkim migrujące Polki z pokoleń baby-boomers i X. Dekadę później migracje kształtują biografie Milenialsek, jednak wyróżniające je doświadczenia mobilności nie są szczegółowo eksplorowane poza kontekstem rynku pracy. Opierając się na materiale empirycznym z projektu "Paczki przyjaciół i migracje" (2016-2020), w artykule analizujemy wzory migracyjne wykształconych Polek z pokolenia Y. Pokazujemy decyzje mobilnościowe Milenialsek oraz śledzimy relacje między płcią a rolami społecznymi w życiu osobistym i rodzinnym młodych kobiet. Wskazujemy na nowe wzory migracji "mobilnego pokolenia wyboru", a także stwierdzamy, że o ile pewne relacje i role rodzinne Milenialsek uległy transformacji, o tyle sprzężenie mobilności z macierzyństwem zdaje się mniej podatne na międzypokoleniową zmianę. Proponowany styl cytowania: Pustułka, P., Winogrodzka, D., Buler, M. (2019), Mobilne pokolenie wyboru? Migracje międzynarodowe a płeć i role rodzinne wśród Milenialsek, "Studia Migracyjne -Przegląd Polonijny", 4 (174): 139-164.While many studies have focused on the international migration of Polish women, the main wave of gendered research has covered the experiences of women who went abroad during the 1980s and 1990s, up until about five years after eU accession (2009). As such, from a generational stance, existing studies have investigated the mobility paths of Baby-Boomers and generation X. today migration shapes the biographies of Polish women from generation Y (i.e. Millennials) who have traits that potentially differentiate them from mobile women in the past and in areas beyond the labor market. Drawing on empirical material from "Peer-groups and Migration" study (2016-2020), we analyze international mobility pathways and migratory decision-making processes of educated women from gen Y and investigate how mobility intersects with gender and social roles in family/ personal life for Millennials. We argue that the "mobile generation of choice" engages in new forms of migration. Although certain family roles have changed among migrant-Millennials, the motherhood/mobility junction remains less prone to generational shifts.

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has significantly altered the provisions and shape of medical services for expecting mothers worldwide. In Poland, the country where pregnancy and childbirth are subject to comparably greater medicalization, those shifts are particularly tangible. This study aimed at capturing how maternal health professionals tackle care over pregnant and birthing women during a pandemic, highlighting possible long-term implications for the expecting and new mothers. Methods: This is a qualitative study which addresses the themes around the emerging implications of the viral outbreak. Semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with 46 individuals working in either medical or adjacent sectors connected with reproductive medicine. In this analysis, 7 digital experts were excluded as observers rather than field practitioners. Among 38 interviews, 5 have been conducted with OB-GYNs, 13 with midwives, 6 with doulas, 14 broadly-conceived category of maternal support experts. The recorded data were input into thematic grids and meticulously transcribed prior to being subject to an inductive, thematic analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the context of the heightened medicalization of pregnancy and hospital care during birth in Poland, resulted in strong restrictions and immediate fall back to a clinical care model. The majority claimed that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the implications of the decades of Polish maternal health recommendations contradicting the WHO regulations. Professionals’ anxieties concern limited access to services assisting women during pregnancies. While those linked to hospitals pointed out physiological risks, other maternal support experts drew attention to the effects of stress and uncertainty on maternal mental health. Conclusions: Experts face various challenges when providing care to pregnant and birthing women in Poland. They underscore both the information chaos surrounding recommendations and procedures, and see the pandemic as a moment of reflection, mostly being vocal in their critiques of the over-medicalized Polish care model. The interviewed maternal health experts believe that the pandemic will have multifaceted consequences that are being exacerbated by a sudden cessation of extensive degree of medicalization during pregnancy, and a fallback to alienation during intervention-focused hospital deliveries.