Introduction: The foot plays an important role as a static-dynamic foundation of the skeleton. The process of the most intensive formation of the foot during the posturogenesis falls on the preschool age and early school age. The aim of the study was to characterize the arch of the feet in children at the age of 5 and to look for the dependence of their arching condition on the Cole's index level. Material and methods: Forty-four preschool children took part in the research. The Cole's index showed an underweight, normal body weight, overweight and obesity. The plantography method was used to assess the arching of the feet. Results: Over half of the examined children had normal body weight. Underweight was more common in the boys group, while overweight and obesity in girls. Ninety percent of children had abnormal longitudinal and transverse arches in both feet. The varus of the big toe and the valgus of the small toe was observed in both groups. The position of the heel was set correctly in majority of the participants. Conclusions: No relationship was found between the Cole's index and longitudinal arches of the right and left foot in boys, as well as in girls. The results revealed that excessive body weight in girls was correlated with flattening of the transverse arch and incorrect position of the heel in the right foot. No significant correlation was found between the Cole's index and the assessed parameters of the foot in boys.
Introduction: Physical activity is defined as every movement performed by skeletal muscles above resting metabolic rate. It is important for children and youth as it contributes to appropriate emotional, social and somatic development. It may be limited by developmental disorders, diseases and disabilities. The aim of the work was to review the literature regarding physical activity of children and youth with motor disabilities. Material and methods: The literature review was performed with the use of EBSCO and PubMed databases. The study inclusion criteria were as follows: publication in the English, Spanish or Polish language (1), abstract and/or title of the work included phrases "physical activity" and "children" and "disability" or "children with disabilities" and "fitness" and "activity" or "performance" and "children with disabilities" and "physical activity" (2), the work was published in the years 2011-2018 (3), it is available as a full-text article (4) and it comes from a scientific journal (5). Results: As a result of the literature review, 516 articles were found, out of which 66 were found in EBSCO and 450 in PubMed. Ultimately, 35 papers which fulfilled the inclusion criteria (27 original articles and 8 reviews) were qualified for the study. Conclusions: Persons with disabilities take up any forms of physical activity considerably less frequently than functionally fit individuals. Barriers which hinder taking up physical activity by children with disabilities are constituted mainly by environmental, psychological and physical factors. In order to assess physical activity of children and youth with disabilities, accelerometers, endurance tests, participation and quality of life questionnaires and interviews are applied most frequently. physical activity, children and youth with disabilities, adaptation, disability Streszczenie Wstęp: Aktywność fizyczna to każdy ruch wykonany przez mięśnie szkieletowe organizmu powyżej tempa metabolizmu spoczynkowego. Jest ona ważna dla dzieci i młodzieży, gdyż kształtuje prawidłowy rozwój emocjonalny, społeczny i somatyczny. Może być ograniczona przez zaburzenia rozwojowe, choroby oraz niepełnosprawność. Celem pracy był przegląd piśmiennictwa dotyczący aktywności fizycznej podejmowanej przez dzieci i młodzież z niepełnosprawnością narządu ruchu.
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