Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is a serious re-emerging disease in both animals and humans. The evolution of the Multi- and Extensively drug-resistant M. bovis strains (MDR-TB and XDR-TB) represents a global threat to public health. Worldwide, the disease is responsible for great economic losses in the veterinary field, serious threat to the ecosystem, and about 3.1% of human TB cases, up to 16% in Tanzania. Only thorough investigation to understand the pathogen's epidemiology can help in controlling the disease and minimizing its threat. For this purpose, various tools have been developed for use in advanced molecular epidemiological studies of bTB, either alone or in combination with standard conventional epidemiological approaches. These techniques enable the analysis of the intra- and inter-species transmission dynamics of bTB. The delivered data can reveal detailed insights into the source of infection, correlations among human and bovine isolates, strain diversity and evolution, spread, geographical localization, host preference, tracing of certain virulence factors such as antibiotic resistance genes, and finally the risk factors for the maintenance and spread of M. bovis. They also allow for the determination of epidemic and endemic strains. This, in turn, has a significant diagnostic impact and helps in vaccine development for bTB eradication programs. The present review discusses many topics including the aetiology, epidemiology and importance of M. bovis, the prevalence of bTB in humans and animals in various countries, the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis, and finally applied molecular epidemiological techniques.
Se determinó la variabilidad genética de las cepas de S. aureus aisladas de algunos casos de mastitis bovina. Se muestrearon 335 vacas de 27 establos en 10 municipios del estado de Jalisco. Las cepas de S. aureus se identificaron a partir de muestras de leche de cada glándula mamaria de cada vaca, las cuales se cultivaron en agar sangre y con base a las características del cultivo, las pruebas bioquímicas, y finalmente su confirmación molecular mediante PCR. La variación genética en las cepas identificadas se obtuvo con la técnica de electroforesis de campos pulsados. Las imágenes de los geles se analizaron mediante el software Bionumerics®. Se diagnosticó con la prueba de California un 2.26% de mastitis clínica y un 40.45% de mastitis subclínica. Se registró una frecuencia de aparición de S. aureus del 9.8% del total de las glándulas muestreadas. Se observó una variación genética de 14.9%. Las 32 cepas analizadas se agruparon en pulsotipos con 95% o más de similitud genética, resultando 12 pulsotipos. Se concluye que existe gran diversidad en la variabilidad genética de cepas de S. aureus de diferentes establos del estado de Jalisco y una gran similitud genética de cepas dentro de cada establo. Palabras clave: Staphylococcus aureus, tipificación, frecuencia de mastitis, variación genética, electroforesis de campos pulsados.
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