The TyG index could be useful as surrogate to identify insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects.

The TyG index has high sensitivity and specificity, suggesting that it could be useful for identification of subjects with decreased insulin sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE -To determine whether oral magnesium supplementation (as magnesium chloride [MgCl 2 ] solution) improves both insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects with decreased serum magnesium levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-This study was a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. A total of 63 subjects with type 2 diabetes and decreased serum magnesium (serum magnesium levels Յ0.74 mmol/l) treated by glibenclamide received either 50 ml MgCl 2 solution (containing 50 g MgCl 2 per 1,000 ml solution) or placebo daily for 16 weeks. Chronic diarrhea, alcoholism, use of diuretic and/or calcium antagonist drugs, and reduced renal function were exclusion criteria. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as the parameter of insulin sensitivity and glucose and HbA 1c as parameters of metabolic control.RESULTS -At the end of the study, subjects who received magnesium supplementation showed significant higher serum magnesium concentration (0.74 Ϯ 0.10 vs. 0.65 Ϯ 0.07 mmol/l, P ϭ 0.02) and lower HOMA-IR index (3.8 Ϯ 1.1 vs. 5.0 Ϯ 1.3, P ϭ 0.005), fasting glucose levels (8.0 Ϯ 2.4 vs. 10.3 Ϯ 2.1 mmol/l, P ϭ 0.01), and HbA 1c (8.0 Ϯ 2.4 vs. 10.1 Ϯ 3.3%, P ϭ 0.04) than control subjects.CONCLUSIONS -Oral supplementation with MgCl 2 solution restores serum magnesium levels, improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients with decreased serum magnesium levels. Diabetes Care 26:1147-1152, 2003H ypomagnesemia, a frequent condition in patients with diabetes (1,2), could be involved in the development of poor metabolic control and chronic complications (3,4). A large body of evidence that shows a link between hypomagnesemia and reduction of tyrosinekinase activity at the insulin receptor level, which may result in the impairment of insulin action and development of insulin resistance, has been progressively accumulated in previous years (5-10). Although evidence suggests that magnesium supplementation could be useful in the treatment of diabetes and to prevent the development of its chronic complications (11-13), the possible benefits of magnesium administration as an adjuvant factor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, based in a randomized controlled trial, are scarce (14 -19) and controversial (19).So, the aim of this study was to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation, as magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) solution, 2.5 g daily, improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects with decreased serum magnesium levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -With approval of the protocol by the Mexican Social SecurityInstitute (MSSI) Research Committee and after obtaining informed consent from subjects, a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was carried out.Type 2 diabetic subjects recruited from an outpatient Primary Level Medical Care Office in Durango, a city in Northern Mexico, were eligible to participate in the study if they had decreased serum magnesium levels. Based on previous...

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee indicated that magnesium was a shortfall nutrient that was underconsumed relative to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for many Americans. Approximately 50% of Americans consume less than the EAR for magnesium, and some age groups consume substantially less. A growing body of literature from animal, epidemiologic, and clinical studies has demonstrated a varied pathologic role for magnesium deficiency that includes electrolyte, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and inflammatory disorders; osteoporosis; hypertension; cardiovascular diseases; metabolic syndrome; and diabetes. Studies have also demonstrated that magnesium deficiency is associated with several chronic diseases and that a reduced risk of these diseases is observed with higher magnesium intake or supplementation. Subclinical magnesium deficiency can exist despite the presentation of a normal status as defined within the current serum magnesium reference interval of 0.75-0.95 mmol/L. This reference interval was derived from data from NHANES I (1974), which was based on the distribution of serum magnesium in a normal population rather than clinical outcomes. What is needed is an evidenced-based serum magnesium reference interval that reflects optimal health and the current food environment and population. We present herein data from an array of scientific studies to support the perspective that subclinical deficiencies in magnesium exist, that they contribute to several chronic diseases, and that adopting a revised serum magnesium reference interval would improve clinical care and public health.

Low serum magnesium levels are related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure (HBP), but as far as we know, there are no previous reports that analyzed the serum magnesium concentration in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS). We performed a cross-sectional population-based study to compare 192 individuals with MS and 384 disorder-free control subjects, matched by age and gender. Magnesium supplementation treatment and conditions likely to provoke hypomagnesemia, including previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or high blood pressure (HBP), were exclusion criteria. In this regard, only incident cases of DM and HBP were included. MS was defined by the presence at least of two of the following features: hyperglycemia (> or =7.0 mmol/l); HBP (> or =160/90 mmHg); dyslipidemia (fasting triglycerides > or =1.7 mmol/l and/or HDL-cholesterol <1.0 mmol/l); and obesity (body mass index > or =30 kg/m(2) and/or waist-to-hip ratio > or =0.85 in women or > or =0.9 in men). Low serum magnesium levels were identified in 126 (65.6%) and 19 (4.9%) individuals with and without MS, p<0.00001. The mean serum magnesium level among subjects with MS was 1.8+/-0.3 mg/dl, and among control subjects 2.2+/-0.2 mg/dl, p<0.00001. There was a strong independent relationship between low serum magnesium levels and MS (odds ratio (OR)=6.8, CI(95%) 4.2-10.9). Among the components of MS, dyslipidemia (OR 2.8, CI(95%) 1.3-2.9) and HBP (OR 1.9, CI(95%) 1.4-2.8) were strongly related to low serum magnesium levels. This study reveals a strong relationship between decreased serum magnesium and MS.