Jurgen Moltmann is one of the most important theologians in the XXth century that intended to leave aside a rigid and impassible notion of God. However, although Moltmann opens new ways to consider God's life by stressing God's passivity and relationality, the concepts of activity and self-sufficiency are still structuring the whole theological argument. I intend to show how our understanding of life has been shaped by a bio-theo-political paradigm of autarchy that defines life by the use of the Greek prefix "autos", and how this paradigm is still working on Moltmann's theology, who is not able yet to overcome the metaphysical impassible God. I claim that only a radical deconstruction of this paradigm and the construction of a new way of defining life by the use of the Greek prefix "syn" (with), could enable to think seriously on God's relationality and love.

RESUMENEn el presente trabajo queremos mostrar cómo en Gabriel Marcel la existencia tan sólo puede ser reconocida a partir de la condición encarnada del hombre. Para ello, contrapondremos primeramente la existencia a la objetividad, gracias a las nociones capitales de presencia y de participación. En segundo lugar, mostraremos cómo el cuerpo propio es fundamento de nuestro ser en el mundo. Por último, veremos porqué la encarnación es el dato central de la reflexión metafísica, en tanto que gracias a ella puedo yo acceder a lo ontológico.PALABRAS CLAVES MARCEL, EXISTENCIA, OBJETIVIDAD, ENCARNACIÓN, METAFÍSICAABSTRACTIn this paper we would like to show how existence can only be recognized from man’s incarnate condition. In order to accomplish this task, we will have to contrast, in the first place, existence to objectivity, thanks to the capital notions of presence and participation. In the second place, we will show how the body-qua-mine is the foundation of our being in the world. Finally, we will focus on why incarnation is the central datum of metaphysical reflection, for thanks to it we may access ontological dimension.KEYWORDSMARCEL, EXISTENCE, OBJECTIVITY, INCARNATION, METAPHYSICS

No abstract

The idea of a self-organized system brings both political and biological discourses together, for they both aim at explaining how a certain compound can achieve self-unity out of plurality. Whereas biological metaphors in politics have been much examined, political metaphors in biology have not. In this paper I intend to show how political metaphors can enlighten biological discourses, taking the work of Aristotle as a case-study. The relationship between the main elements of a living-body could be better understood within a political scheme: the soul rules over the body through pneuma, its prime minister. This scheme entails, thus, to re-examine Aristotle's definition of soul in the light of the key concept of pneuma, and to replace the hylemorphic explanation with a triadic one. On the one hand, soul is the entelecheia of the body as it keeps both the form and the end of the organism, which is its unity. On the other hand, the moving-efficacious principle that performs unity by circulating through the body, and by linking the body to its environment is pneuma. Therefore, the political formula: "the king does not govern" could shed light upon the structure of the living body: whereas the soul rules the body, pneuma governs it. Although Aristotle does not 1 This paper was written during my Post-doctoral Fellowship at the Institut für Hermeneutik of the University of Bonn, sponsored by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.