Introduction: in 1968, Altman developed a multivariable predictive Z-score model to assess the probability of a public manufacturing company going to bankruptcy based on financial ratios. Later, Altman (1983) re-stated a more improved Z’’-Score model designed to apply in public or private, manufacturing, or non-manufacturing firms, but also in emerging countries. Prediction of the updated model proved to be highly efficient. This research was conducted to prove the level of accuracy of the Z’’-Score model applied to firms listed in the Mexican Stock Exchange (MSE) since there is little relevant research on this subject.                     Method: this research was conducted under a quantitative approach as a census and its scope was situational with a non-experimental and longitudinal research design. The period covered by this research was 2012-2019 since the data was available for those years under a somehow stable economic situation without significant economic ups and downs. This research considered the integration of a large financial database and the design of a typology to classify and analyze 155 firms based on a standard deviation and average results of 837 Z’’-scores. A second analysis was conducted to prove if the predicted situation (area) by the Z’’-Score corresponded to the real situation in the marketplace for every company. Results: the results showed that the accuracy level of the Altman model decreased when applied to Mexican firms. The error of the model applied to Mexican companies related to those classified in the bankruptcy prediction area was 75 % of misclassification cases. The total error of the model included all areas, or cases, was 18 % of misclassification cases. This model is supposed to be effective within a time frame of two years before a possible bankruptcy. Even considering a longer time frame, the companies located in the bankruptcy prediction area continued having misclassifications representing 57 % of error. The error for the model considering all cases and all areas, was 14 % of misclassification cases. This represented a high level of inefficiency of the model applied to an emerging country companies, such as Mexico. Discussion or conclusion: the model is certainly effective while predicting companies in the areas of non-bankrupt sector and grey, but it was inefficient when predicting the possibility of bankruptcy. It was also demonstrated that the time frame of two years is no longer effective when applying the model to Mexican companies. As a result, more research cases are needed to update the model to perform efficiently in emerging countries including country-specific conditions and considering a different time frame to predict bankruptcy.

El artículo presenta los resultados de la evaluación aplicada al proyecto conjunto México-Estados Unidos de América denominado “Colaboración en Línea para el Aprendizaje Internacional” (COIL- siglas en inglés) aplicado en un módulo de curso de negocios que fue integrado en dos unidades de aprendizaje de negocios diferentes, uno llevado a cabo en una Universidad Mexicana y el otro en una Universidad Estadounidense. Los resultados mostraron que un proyecto de Internacionalización a Distancia (IaD-siglas en inglés) a través de la metodología de COIL, como parte de una iniciativa más amplia de Internacionalización en Casa (IAH- siglas en inglés), puede construir las bases para que los estudiantes desarrollen una conciencia global, habilidades de comunicación intercultural y conocimientos disciplinarios actualizados.

The objective of this article is to analyze and identify if there is enough evidence to assume that obesity, smoking and alcoholism, as well as health spending are variables that determine the behavior of life expectancy at birth. It is a quantitative study based on documentary information obtained from the OECD, with a correlational scope and a non-experimental approach. The results show enough evidence to infer that life expectancy for countriesthat belong to the OECD is being explained more significantly by obesity, alcoholism, and health spending. It is also demonstrated that the life expectancy of the countries included in the study is 80.7 years. It is concluded that in recent years, life expectancy has generally been increasing in most of the countries. Life expectancy is a topic of significant social interest so its research has identified several factors that impact its level. Due to the growing interest, the countries seek to develop policies and programs that would allow them to continue improving life expectancy. Thus, many countries focus their efforts on diminishing the negative impacts of the main affecting variables.

En el presente artículo se hace una revisión documental sobre el tema del liderazgomencionando los antecedentes históricos del término y cómo ha ido cambiando éste dependiendo del paradigma que dominaba en cada época. Se incluye un análisis de los tipos de liderazgo ante la administración sistémica y los retos que el líder debe enfrentar con esta visión en mente. Del mismo modo se analizan de manera conjunta dos temas esenciales, el primero versa sobre los tipos de liderazgo que existen, y el segundo sobre las características de los líderes, lo anterior desde el punto de vista de diferentes autores. Con la información obtenida se creó una tabla, la cual muestra la relación entre los dos temas, donde para cada tipo de liderazgo se listan lascaracterísticas del líder. Como resultado se pueden identificar las principales características coincidentes que los autores atribuyen de relevancia y esenciales para un líder.Palabras clave: administración, características, liderazgo, sistémico. Abstract.In this article a literature review on the topic of leadership is presented, including the historical background of the term and how it has changed depending on the paradigm that dominated in every period of time. An analysis of the types of leadership under a systemic administration and the type of challenges faced by the leader is conducted. Similarly, two main subjects are analyzed, the first deals with the types of leadership that exist, and the second deals on the characteristics of leaders, the above based on the viewpoint of different authors. With the informationobtained a table was created. It shows the relationship between the two subjects, in which for each type of leader, leadership characteristics are listed. As a result, the main features are identified by the authors and considered relevant and essential for a leader.Key words: administration, characteristics, leadership, systemic.

The purpose of this study is to compare female and male leadership competences of Mexican expatriates in the USA, using a qualitative approach. A case study was conducted through a narrative analysis of the information. The study also revised the factors that contributed to the leadership competences of expatriates. The responses of a single female and a single male Mexican expatriates were collected through open responses using an electronic questionnaire. The research questions were: What are the leadership competences of Mexican expatriates? Which are the main differences between women's and men's leadership competences in Mexican expatriates? The comparison was made using Pablo Cardona's model of competences. Since leadership competences are observable behaviors, a narrative analysis was conducted and some key differences were found between male and female leadership competences. For example, it appears that Mexican male expatriates tend to focus on leadership, receptiveness and informal features; while women focus on values, information and formal position. Common features were found between both interviewees concerning work and personal life related to time management competence. As future research, a quantitative analysis is required to corroborate these findings.