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This article first briefly reviews some theoretical perspectives that have been applied to environmental behavior. Next, a theoretical model is proposed to help organize the broad range of research findings. The effects of specific variables in this model on psychological and behavioral outcomes are then discussed. Research indicates that environmental messages need to be framed in the context of the characteristics, values, and loyalties of the audience, as well as in the context of their interests. Programs to combat climate change should be structured so that individuals see their actions as part of a shared social effort.Since climate change has become a topic of public discussion in the last few decades, many studies have examined a wide range of influences on climaterelevant behavior (for extensive reviews of this work, see Moser & Dilling, 2007a). These studies are very useful in helping to build a knowledge base. However, as Bamberg and Schmidt (2003) note with respect to the broader literature on environmental behavior, "often it remained unclear how these [determinants] relate to each other." They note the desirability of using theoretical frameworks to organize and relate specific research findings.In this article, I first briefly review some theoretical perspectives that have been applied to environmental behavior. Next, I propose a theoretical model that is intended to help organize the broad range of research findings. The main portion of the article then discusses the effects of specific variables in this model on psychological and behavioral outcomes. 1

Experimental, computer-simulation, and inter-nation studies concerning effective strategies for eliciting cooperation from an adversary are reviewed. The laboratory and inter-nation studies are consistent in indicating that a policy of general reciprocity, combined with the use of unilateral cooperative initiatives to break out of lock-ins on mutual competition, generally is effective in gaining an adversary's cooperation. The conditions under which this strategy is likely to be effective are examined also.

Daniel Katz for his help, but the responsibility for the analysis and the interpretations reported in this paper are theirs. We are also indebted to John J. Jochem for his help in the administration and analysis of the data.

Summary This study calls into question again a frequently made assumption that variations in employee absence rates may be accounted for solely by examining the direct rewards and punishments provided by the work situation. Absences among nonsupervisory men at an oil refinery were found to be related to feelings of fair treatment with regard to promotion, irrespective of how good employees see their actual chances for promotion to be. Attitudes concerning the fairness of pay also were found to affect absences. The results were interpreted as indicating the importance of feelings of loyalty and obligation among employees in accounting for behavior such as absences.