For these alterations I am mainly responsible, but the new classification of the formations is largely due to Dr. Vahl, who has thus materially remodelled parts of the book. In place of the four Sections discussing hydrophytic, xerophytic, halophytic, and mesophytic communities respectively, thirteen Sections (IV-XVI) have been devoted to thirteen oecological classes established on the basis of edaphic and climatic distinc¬ tions. The arrangement of the subject-matter dealing with the several Formations is new in many respects, the changes involved being due partly to myself (for instance, in connexion with halophytes and lithophytes) and partly to Dr. Vahl (notably in Sections XI-XV).So far as my other varied work, including administrative duties, would permit, I have endeavoured, with the assistance of Dr. Vahl, to take into consideration the vast amount of pertinent literature issued since 1895. Since that year there have been published, not only the large general works by Schimper (1898, English Edition 1903), Solms-Laubach (1905), and Clements (1904, which contain much that is original and suggestive, but also an immense number of original papers in various periodicals and countries. So far as possible, recognition has been made of all important contributions issued up to the present moment, and their titles will be found in the appended Bibliography. But there is considerable difficulty in selecting the most important from such a vast accumulation of literature.In many places I have felt the lack of definite, detailed, and truly oecological information concerning various questions, and, as in 1895, I must confess that my ideal is far from being realized. The oecology of plants is a subject still in its infancy ; numerous investigations must be made before the foundations can be truly and rightly laid, and before a consistent, clear, and natural classification of plant-communities is achieved.In conclusion, I must express my thanks to Dr. Martin Vahl for the great interest he has shown in efforts to improve the book, and to my colleagues in Britain for the exceeding care which they have bestowed upon the production of the book in English.EUG. WARMING. Copenhagen, March, 1909. ... 40 X. Structure of the Soil.40 XI. Air in the Soil.43 XII. Water in the Soil.44 XIII. Temperature of Soil.50 XIV. Depth of the Soil. The Upper Layers of the Soil and the Subsoil.54 XV. Nutriment in Soil.55 XVI. Kinds of Soil.59 XVII. Are the Chemical or the Physical Characters of Soil the more important?.65 XVIII. The Effect of a Non-living Covering over Vege¬ tation .72 XIX. Effect of a Living Vegetable Covering on Soil .

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The Mas protooncogene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor, we identified, also by using the specific angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist A-779, to be associated with intracellular signaling of the angiotensin (Ang) II metabolite Ang-(1-7). Recently, Mas-related genes (Mrg) have been identified coding for the Mrg-receptor family. All family members share high sequence homology to Mas. Most of them are orphan receptors. To proof whether structure similarities of the Mrg receptors with Mas turn them into potential receptors for Ang-(1-7) or other Ang metabolites, we transfected COS or HEK293 cells with an assortment of Mrg receptors and investigated arachidonic acid (AA) release and transcriptional activation by recording serum response factor (SRF) activation after stimulation with Ang II, Ang III, Ang IV, and Ang-(1-7). None of the investigated receptors activated transcription via SRF. Ang-(1-7) stimulated AA release already in control vector-transfected COS cells, indicating the existence of an endogenous receptor (A-779 sensitive). Though less pronounced than for Mas, two of the six studied receptors (MrgD, MRG) initiated significant AA release after stimulation with Ang-(1-7). Interestingly, Mas, MrgD, and MRG mediated Ang IV-stimulated AA release that was highest for Mas. While Ang III activated Mas and MrgX2, Ang II stimulated AA release via Mas and MRG. Thus, we identified other receptors of the Mrg family to respond on Ang-(1-7) stimulation. Furthermore, we describe first an AT(1)-independent direct Ang IV signaling and show that Ang II and Ang III mediate signaling independent of their specific receptors AT(1) and AT(2), whereby the receptor specificity differs.

A fast and specific method for the determination of glyphosate in cereals is described. The method is based on extraction with water by ultrasonication. The samples are cleaned up and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a polystyrene-based reverse-phase column (clean-up) in series with an ion chromatography column (separation) using NaHCO(3) as eluent. A micro-membrane suppressor was inserted after the separator column to remove the Na(+) ions before detection by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative-ion mode. In MS/MS, mode the following transitions were monitored m/z 168--> 150 (glyphosate) and 170-->152 (internal standard 2-(13)C(15)N-glyphosate) for quantification. The mean recovery was 85% (n=32) at spiking levels from 0.03 to 0.33 mg kg(-1). From 1998 to 2001, from the analysis of about 50 samples per annum, a reduction in the glyphosate residues was observed owing to a Danish trade decision not to use grain with glyphosate residues for milling or bread production.

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