Castilla La Mancha is a Spanish region where sheep farming system is traditionally pasture-based.
Las explotaciones de ovino de raza Manchega vinculadas a la enominación de origen protegido “Queso Manchego” son caracterizadas por aspectos técnicos, sociales y comerciales. A partir de una muestra aleatoria, estratificada y proporcional de 157 explotaciones, la información se obtuvo mediante encuesta directa al productor. La caracterización se realizó mediante análisis descriptivos. La muestra se estratificó en base al número de ovejas y uso de tecnología. Los grupos se compararon mediante un ANOVAC multifactorial. La explotación media responde a un sistema extensivo mixto agricultura-ganadería, de tipo pastoril (85 %), con 888 ovejas y 1,124 ha de superficie total (ST), el 18 % de la ST se usa en agricultura, el resto es pasto natural. El productor tiene 48 años en promedio, existe esperanza de continuidad en la actividad (91 %), y de relevo generacional (74 %). La comercialización se realiza en un 91 % por los canales comerciales tradicionales, y sólo en un 9 % por los canales alternativos. El mayor desafío se asocia a los altos precios de los insumos y el precio de los productos. Las ventajas competitivas de las explotaciones la constituyen; por una parte el bajo nivel de inversiones y la realización de una actividad agrícola de baja producción, aspectos que le confieren flexibilidad. A partir de la estratificación por dimensión y uso de tecnología se establecen diferentes modelos productivos destacando explotaciones pequeñas y grandes con bajo uso de tecnologías, y grandes con elevado uso de tecnología.
Farming suffers from a crisis based on lack of profitability. This situation is more relevant in small farms. Farmers have implemented local breeding programmes that have shown good results in terms of biodiversity preservation, increase of technological innovation and improvements in farm's viability. The objective of this study is to compare technological characteristics among groups of farms, according to their breeding programmes and the viability of dairy sheep system. Furthermore, the role of technologies by means of a canonical discriminant model was analysed. The information from 157 dairy sheep farms in Castilla La Mancha, Spain was used. Technologies were grouped in six technological areas: Management, animal feeding, animal health and biosecurity, land use, milking equipment and dairy, reproduction and genetic. Four canonical discriminant models have been used to classify farms according to technological indicators [Model 1], structural [Model 2], productive [Model 3] and a global model including all the variables (18) [Model 4], by considering the genetic programme and their viability. Afterwards, the relationship among the discriminated groups was analysed using cluster analysis. The canonical model built according to the set of technologies classified a 69.43% of farms [Model 1]. Therefore, the farms that implement a breeding programme (BP) increase the likelihood of viability. First, BP requires higher levels of technological innovation in management and genetics-reproduction. Then, such advances should be implemented in milking equipment and animal health and biosecurity. To conclude, BP is a key factor in the success of technological adoption. HIGHLIGHTS Technology adoption plays a strategical role in sheep production systems. Breeding program promotes higher global technological level. Likelihood of viability in dairy sheep farms increases with implementation of a breeding program.
RESUMENUno de los objetivos estratégicos para FAO es disminuir la brecha de género en aras del desarrollo rural. El presente trabajo se planteó para conocer la percepción que tienen los productores del sistema de doble propósito ecuatoriano sobre las diferencias de género, tanto en el ámbito familiar como en la unidad de producción. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria de 132 unidades familiares-productivas del bosque tropical de Manabí. La información fue obtenida a través de una encuesta cara a cara, donde se preguntaron cuestiones relacionadas con el perfil socioeconómico de la familia, el sistema de producción y la percepción del papel de los distintos géneros. Los resultados muestran que existen importantes diferencias de género en el mundo rural ecuatoriano. Los productores tienen fuertes creencias en las diferencias sociales y biológicas entre sexos. El trabajo y rol de mujer es percibido únicamen-te relevante en el ámbito doméstico. Mientras que en la unidad productiva apenas asume responsabilidades. La toma de decisiones es exclusiva del hombre cuando se trata del ámbito empresarial; mientras que la mujer participa junto a él en decisiones del hogar, aunque nunca asume un papel predominante.The woman role in the Ecuatorian bovine double purpose systems SUMMARYOne of the strategic objectives for FAO is to reduce the gender gap in the interests of rural development. This paper was raised to know the perception that the producers of the Ecuadorian double purpose bovine have on gender differences both in the family and in the production unit. A random sample of 132 family-productive units of tropical forest from Manabi was used. The information was obtained through a survey related to socioeconomic profile of the family, the production system and the perception of the role of the different genders. Results show that there are significant gender differences in rural Ecuador. Producers have strong beliefs in social and biological differences between sexes. The work and role of women is perceived only relevant in the domestic sphere. While in the production unit just assume responsibilities. Decision making is unique to man when it comes to the business world; while women participate with him in household decisions.
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