We propose that the concept of cognitive effort in memory is both useful and important. Cognitive effort is defined as the engaged proportion of limitedcapacity central processing. It Was hypothesized that this variable might have important memorial consequences and might also be a potential confounding factor in levels-of-processing paradigms. The first experiment tested this possibility using two types of incidental-learning tasks factorially combined with two degrees of effort. It was found that high effort led to better recall than low effort, but that level-of-processing effects were nonsignificant. A second experiment clearly demonstrated the feasibility of using performance on a secondary task as an independent criterion for measuring effort, and two further experiments ruled out alternative accounts of effort effects. A reliable levels-of-processing effect was obtained in the fourth experiment in which the incidental-learning tasks were blocked. Implications and possible future applications of the cognitive effort concept are discussed.

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22~250 251-275 27~300 Pnce Codes A02 A03 A04 AOS A06 A07 A08 A09 A010 A011 A012 A013 Training Management Context Level 1-Training Management Processes Level 2-Identification of Unit Missions Conducting Mission Analysis .-Conduct Training Estimate-Developing Training Strategy and 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 Goals Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Task Training Status and Feedback 2.5 Organizational Analysis 2.6 Synopsis 3.0 SURVEY AND JOB ANALYSIS OF CURRENT TRAINING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .

An airport X-ray Screener Test Battery was developed to better understand how selected aspects of screeners' visual and perceptual capabilities, attentional and verbal processing, work schedule, medication use, work history, training, equipment knowledge, personal style, attitudinal characteristics, and job satisfaction are related to job performance. The Test Battery was administered to 92 X-ray screeners and analyses compared Test Battery performance with X-ray screening job performance. Analyses suggest that important factors related to X-ray screening performance include several aspects of perceptual and attentional processing; screeners' time on the job; screeners' work schedules; and their use of pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, and dietary supplements. Potential applications of the findings for improving screener performance through personnel selection, training, workforce management, and X-ray equipment design enhancements are discussed. Ongoing research is also outlined.