Factors Contributing to Airport Screener Expertise

McCallum, Marvin C.; Bittner, Alvah C.; Rubinstein, Joshua; Brown, James L.; Richman, Joel B.; Taylor, Randal

doi:10.1177/154193120504901011

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Five scores were submitted for MINRES factor analysis with varimax rotation (Harman, 1975; Jöreskog, 2003): COR and the WR from the first and second administrations, and “Time” in months between administrations. Time serves to capture the “linear trend” (Anderson, 1963, p. 2) associated with months between first and second test administrations and follows a history of related factor-analytic practice (McCallum et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five scores were submitted for MINRES factor analysis with varimax rotation (Harman, 1975;Jöreskog, 2003): COR and the WR from the first and second administrations, and "Time" in months between administrations. Time serves to capture the "linear trend" (Anderson, 1963, p. 2) associated with months between first and second test administrations and follows a history of related factor-analytic practice (McCallum et al, 2005). Harman (1975), it is noteworthy, speaks to the essential equivalence of MINRES to earlier methods (i.e., iterated principal factors analysis); whereas Jöreskog discusses both its distributional robustness and its further equivalence to one of the component analyses of LISREL.…”

Section: Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Flight Training Performance From the Tabular Speed Test

Damos¹,

Bittner²,

Niemczyk

2022

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors

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Abstract. This study determined the predictive validity for the number correct (COR) and the number wrong (WR) of a complex perceptual speed test at three milestones in a collegiate flight training program. Test–retest data were obtained at different intervals. COR predicted time to solo ( N = 119, r = −.15, p < .05) and time to the private pilot certificate ( N = 51, r = −.34, p < .01). WR did not correlate with any performance measure. Test–retest reliabilities averaged across 17 months were r = .604 for COR and r = .431 for WR, with p < .0001 for both. A factor analysis of the test–retest data demonstrated that WR and COR loaded on different factors, indicating that they assess different attributes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Flight Training Performance From the Tabular Speed Test

Damos¹,

Bittner²,

Niemczyk

2022

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors

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“…When available, T&E results for previous systems can provide critical inputs, but if unavailable, a functional T&E of the spectrum of subsystems or components of one or more target systems or products may be performed instead and then combined with a literature-based approach to address the shortfall (e.g., Bittner, Wiker, Bramwell, & Kinghorn, 1994;Bittner, Wiker, Kinghorn, & Bramwell, 1993). Incident, accident, and performance error information also may contribute to the requirements development processes (e.g., Hanowski, Bittner, Knipling, Byrne, & Parasuraman, 1995;Kantowitz & Bittner, 1992;McCallum et al, 2005). Very early design T&E, particularly as a multiperson or multidiscipline process, can provide a critical examination of the emerging or proposed requirements themselves (Bittner, 1993).…”

Section: Testing and Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of systems engineering for testing and evaluation: A human systems integration perspective.

Ahram¹,

Karwowski²,

Falcão³

2015

APA Handbook of Human Systems Integration.

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Our overall objective in this chapter is to demonstrate how systems engineering (SE) and human systems integration (HSI) help manage complexity, integrate human elements, and mitigate risks when conducting testing and evaluation (T&E). SE supports T&E by connecting key information elements to enable decision makers to verify that system requirements and performance parameters have been met. The basic methods of T&E are described by Charlton and O'Brien (2002) in their Handbook of Human Factors Testing and Evaluation.The achievements of SE have contributed greatly to the exponential technological advancement of complex systems. The systematic, visual presentation of complex systems reduces inconsistency across hardware, software, and manpower requirements and allows one to trace the origins of challenging and costly design problems. Additionally, the application of SE methodology has proven to be a very powerful tool for anticipating safety issues and conducting extensive T&E.Specifically, this chapter provides a conceptual background in SE with a focus on T&E and the advantages it offers in terms of cost savings and increased safety over more traditional forms of system development. The chapter also provides a description of tools (e.g., systems modeling language [SysML]) that can be used in T&E to effectively streamline systems and products during life-cycle development. SYSTEMS ENGINEERINGSE is the structured approach developed to address two interrelated shortfalls in system development:(1) substantial failures to meet overall performance goals, and (2) gross overruns in cumulative program life-cycle costs. Regarding the latter, SE has focused on the very earliest program developmental phases, in which substantial proportions of life-cycle costs are fixed (Asiedu & Gu, 1998;Layer, Brinke, Van Houten, Kals, & Haasis, 2002; U.S. Department of Defense, 2013). As an example, computer systems outperform humans in computational capabilities, whereas humans outperform computers in cognitive and pattern recognition capabilities. Joining computer systems and human capabilities allows designers to build the most efficient and optimized systems for T&E.In conducting system T&E, research by David, Idasiak, and Kratz (2010) indicated that most systems have an inherent risk, which can be estimated using reliability engineering, performance and safety evaluation methods, calculations from a failure modes and effects analysis, or calculations based on the mean time between failures. Detailed methodology on how to conduct failure modes and effects analyses or determine mean failure times is given in Abernethy (2006) and Montgomery (2004).According to the International Council on Systems Engineering, a system is "an artifact created by humans consisting of components that pursue a common goal unattainable by each of the single elements" (Object Management Group, 2011, 5.1 SysML Block Definition Diagrams [BDD], 14). SE practice represents both the application of structured methods and the utilization of appropriate tools to cons...

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“…Recently, TIP has been used to assess the relationship between screener performance and a variety of factors (e.g., capabilities, skills, knowledge, attitudes, background, and job factors; McCallum et al, 2005). Results of McCallum et al's (2005) study indicate that factors such as time on the job and less medication use are related to higher perfor-mance in the TIP scenarios.…”

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of McCallum et al's (2005) study indicate that factors such as time on the job and less medication use are related to higher perfor-mance in the TIP scenarios. McCallum et al (2005) suggested that studies such as these can help to improve the selection and training of screeners.…”

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Factors of Homeland Security

Cooke¹,

Winner²

2007

Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics

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Humans play a role in all aspects of homeland security, including the functions of deterrence, detection, and response and in the capacities of both administrators and recipients of security procedures. The field of human factors has contributed to homeland security functions through design of user-centered technology and training programs, through metrics for assessing human performance, through environmental design, and through organizational changes targeting the larger sociotechnical system. In this chapter, we review these and other contributions and propose an agenda for future research and development on human factors of homeland security. We conclude that the field of human factors provides many lowcost, high-impact solutions that reach beyond the bounds of the human-single machine interface. On September 11, 2001, an attack on U.S. soil of previously unimagined magnitude drew increased attention to homeland security. Humans, and thus human factors, pervade nearly every aspect of homeland security. Most obvious and visible to the public are the human factors issues surrounding security screening, which occurs primarily at airports. These issues include human-technology interaction (i.e., with passenger metal detectors and checked baggage x-ray systems) and the selection and training of the operators. Also of interest are the interactions among the technology, the environment in which it is embedded, the screeners, and the traveling public, who may inadvertently exert pressure on the screeners to move quickly through the process. Perhaps less obvious are the human factors issues surrounding other, less visible aspects of homeland security, such as those integral to the analysis of intelligence information and, specifically, the presentation, understanding, and sharing of that information. Questions of how humans process large amounts of information and coordinate as part of a larger information system are of critical importance. There are also human factors issues associated with the response to threatening events. Flight crew procedures for dealing with hijackings are relevant, as is the adaptive behavior of crews under unanticipated circumstances. Communications, interorganizational dissemination of information, group situation assessment, teamwork, interagency coordination, and adaptation are necessary for effective emergency response to such events. Humans indeed have an important role to play in homeland security functions, and a consideration of the human factors of homeland security is needed to maximize human effectiveness in this complex system. In this chapter, we explore the topic of human factors of homeland security by identifying the scope of the problem, reviewing the relevant human factors literature, and proposing an agenda for future work in the area.

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Factors Contributing to Airport Screener Expertise

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Predicting Flight Training Performance From the Tabular Speed Test

Predicting Flight Training Performance From the Tabular Speed Test

Applications of systems engineering for testing and evaluation: A human systems integration perspective.

Human Factors of Homeland Security

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