Manipulation is one means by which environments are altered to correspond to characteristics of individuals. We conducted two studies to identify the manipulation tactics that people use to elicit and terminate the actions of others. Factor analyses of four instruments revealed six types of tactics: charm, silent treatment, coercion, reason, regression, and debasement. Tactics of manipulation showed strong individual difference consistency across contexts. The charm tactic, however, was used more frequently for behavioral elicitation, whereas the coercion and silent treatment tactics were used more frequently for behavioral termination. Manipulation tactics covaried significantly across self-based and observer-based data sources with personality scales of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Ambitious-Lazy, Arrogant-Unassuming, Quarrelsome-Agreeable, and Calculating and with characteristics of subjects' social environments. We draw implications for an interactionist framework of person-environment correspondence, for an expansion of the taxonomic task that faces personality psychology, and for identifying links between personality and other scientific disciplines.

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Although a number of studies have compared individuals who become activists to those who do not, little is known about the ongoing rewards and struggles experienced by committed activists. The present research, as part of a larger study, specifically assesses the most common rewards and stresses experienced by peace activists. Surveys of 75 current peace activists were analyzed in terms of their most frequent rewarding and stressful experiences. Surprisingly, the community of fellow activists was cited as both the most rewarding and most stressful aspect of being a peace activist. The meaningfulness of peace work emerged as the second most common reward, and success in achieving goals was third. Failure to achieve goals was the second most frequent stressful experience. Results are discussed in terms of (a) interpersonal conflict resolution among peace activists and its implications for their peace work, (b) the ability of peace activists to endure a great deal of stress in the context of their work being meaningful, and (c) the assumptions of previous research that success and failure are the most salient features of activists' experience.

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