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Background: Anti-phospholipid antibodies have the potential to become an alternative to conventional antibiotics for humans. The Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease where the body’s defense system incorrectly reacts against its own phospholipids. APS is distinct through the existence of venous and arterial thromboses, frequently multiple and recurring fetal losses, commonly accompanied by moderate thrombocytopenia. Anti-phospholipid antibodies include lupus anti-coagulant, anti-cardiolipin, anti-beta 2 glycoprotein 1, and anti-prothrombin antibodies. Methods: In this study, the mechanism of action of Anti-phospholipid antibodies against Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated in great detail using a unique combination of imaging and biophysical techniques. Antibacterial activity of antiphospholipid antibodies was detected by a diffusion method and the investigation of the complexity of antibody-antigen was done by spectroscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Results: There was a profound change in the bacteria treated with healthy and patient serum in the optical microscopic study. In all of the studied fields bacterial treatment with patient serum, immediately induced bacterial swelling and cumulative accumulation of the bacteria while no changes were observed in the healthy serum. Anti-bacterial activities of patient serum were detected on plate. The result of this study showed that after platelet activation by thrombin and incubation with antiphospholipid antibodies, the platelet was aggregated. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image showed that the cell wall of Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus incubated by antiphospholipid had a bizarre shape and antiphospholipid antibodies bound to bacterial membranes. Conclusion: xThe data indicated that antiphospholipid antibodies with hemolysis activities have an effect on Gram-positive and negative bacteria and these antibodies have potential to become antibiotic for human.

γ-Linolenic acid (GLA) is an important n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) used in many nutritional and medicinal applications such as the treatment of cancer, inflammatory disorders, and diabetes. However, GLA level of the total fatty acids in plant seeds and nuts as prominent sources of GLA is not enough to utilize on an industrial scale. The study aimed to improve the expression of delta-6 desaturase, which is one of the important enzymes in GLA production pathway. The expression vector pPICZC was selected for clone M.rouxii delta-6 desaturase. The engineered vector was first cloned into E. coli DH5α and after plasmid extraction and confirmation of sequencing was transformed by electroporation into Pichia pastoris GS115. The results indicated that the recombinant yeast strain expressed the gene in the presence of methanol 0.5%. The lipids and essential fatty acids especially GLA were extracted to confirm the expression. The results of studies of lipid and fatty acid production by Sudan black and Nile red staining, GC, and flow cytometry revealed that recombinant strain can produce GLA levels up to 19.2% of total fatty acids. The present study may provide an opportunity for the development of an alternative host for manufacturing GLA on an industrial scale.

γ-Linolenic acid (GLA) is an important n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that has received considerable attention in both levels in human and animal feed. GLA is used in many nutritional and medicinal applications such as the treatment of cancer, inflammatory disorders, and diabetes. Currently, plant seed is the main dietary source of GLA that is not enough to utilize on an industrial scale. To generate a sustainable novel source of GLA, the gene of delta-6 desaturase, which is one of the important enzymes in the GLA production pathway was isolated from Mucor rouxii DSM1194 and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 by pPICZC vector. The recombinant yeast expressed the GLA up to 19.2% (72 mg/g) of total fatty acids. GLA production of recombinant yeast was studied in fermenter by oil waste along 5 days and results detected 6.3 g / l lipid and 103 mg/g GLA was produced in 72 hours. The present study may provide an opportunity for the development of an alternative host for manufacturing GLA on an industrial scale.