Use of cold for preservation of biological materials, avoidance of food spoilage and to manage a variety of medical conditions has been known for centuries. The cryobiological science justified these applications in the 1960s increasing their use in expanding global activities. However, the engineering and technological aspects associated with cryobiology can be expensive and this raises questions about the abilities of resource-restricted low and middle income countries (LMICs) to benefit from the advances. This review was undertaken to understand where or how access to cryobiological advances currently exist and the constraints on their usage. The subject areas investigated were based on themes which commonly appear in the journal Cryobiology. This led in the final analysis for separating the review into two parts, with the first part dealing with cold applied for biopreservation of living cells and tissues in science, health care and agriculture, and the second part dealing with cold destruction of tissues in medicine. The limitations of the approaches used are recognized, but as a first attempt to address these topics surrounding access to cryobiology in LMICs, the review should pave the way for future more subject-specific assessments of the true global uptake of the benefits of cryobiology.

Here, we have presented the data describing the cryopreservation impact on DNA status of domestic and farm animal sperm, and outlined the main causes of DNA fragmentation and methods of its detection and DNA integrity preservation. The current methods to identify the DNA fragmentation rate have been shown to be quite efficient, but the choice for the optimal way is stipulated by animal species. The oxidative stress caused by an increased content of reactive oxygen species was recognized as the main mechanism in DNA cryodamage. To prevent this negative effect on germ genetic material, many protective media and rehabilitation solutions supplemented with antioxidants (non-enzymatic, enzymatic compounds and nanoparticles) have been developed. Thus, determining the sperm DNA fragmentation rate and maintaining its integrity are the necessary steps to improve the efficiency of domestic animal gamete cryopreservation as a part of reproductive technologies.

Cryopreservation of gametes is one of the important stages of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). To obtain high results using ART, it is essential to cryopreserve sperm in a favorable season, when gametes have a high ability to fertilize oocytes. The aim of this research was to study seasonal variability of spermatozoa cryoresistance and reproductive characteristics of Saanen goats. After removing the seminal fluid, the gametes of five mature animals were cryopreserved in a solution of 10% glycerol and 20% egg yolk. The ability of spermatozoa to fertilize was examined by the embryo development rate on day 7 of in vitro culture. Reproductive characteristics of Saanen goats during the breeding season were found to be featured by increased sperm concentration and motility. The survival rate of goat spermatozoa after cryopreservation is seasonally dependent, i. e. in the breeding season the number of viable spermatozoa was notably higher than in non-breeding one. The frequency of oocyte fertilization after the use of fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa derived in different seasons was significantly higher in the breeding season group. The number of embryos which developed to the blastocyst stage was the lowest after fertilization of oocytes with cryopreserved spermatozoa obtained in the non-breeding season. It is concluded that sperm cryotolerance and reproductive characteristics of goats are higher in a breeding season compared to non-breeding one. The findings will allow to develop a strategy in the reproduction of farm animals for the food security of Ukraine.