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The characterization of the original chemical structure and induced changes of micro-and macro-molecules using analytical techniques with concise and detailed outcomes is potentially one of the major challenges for food scientists. To this end, the non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique can play a significant role through employment of different NMR methods. The Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) and rotating-frame Overhauser effect (ROE) techniques are powerful NMR methods that have attracted great interest because they provide precise information about the three dimensional spatial structure of the molecules, as well as about possible chemical reactions and interactions. Scope and approach In this article, we reviewed the basic principles as well as applications of two NMR techniques: Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and rotating-frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY). Hereby, we focused mainly on the applications and importance of these techniques in food science research. Both the structural (configuration and conformation) changes and the complexes formed by interacting compounds could be better studied using these techniques. Key findings and conclusions The inter-and intra-molecular interactions within food-based ingredient mixtures, as well as configurational and conformational analyses can be more efficiently studied with the aid of NOESY and ROESY. These methods as complementary analysis tools can be exploited for the straightforward elucidation of the spatial proximity of either novel, native or modified compounds. In the future, these techniques may be helpful to better understand the interaction between polymers, such as protein-polysaccharide interactions.

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Introduction: Maintaining hospital air quality is very important, especially in intensive care units (ICUs), where patients undergo invasive procedures. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between particulate matters (PMs) and bioaerosols in pediatric ICU (PICU), neonatal ICU (NICU), and ICU open heart (ICU OH) of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for six consecutive months, i.e., autumn and winter of 2021. PM samples were taken using a Grimm Dust Monitor and microbial samples were taken using a Quick Take 30 sampler. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for analysis and then ANOVA and LSD were used for further tests. Results: The maximum and minimum PM10 concentrations in the PICU and ICU OH were 59.19 and 9.71 μg/m3, respectively; and the maximum and minimum PM2.5 concentrations were 20.23 μg/m3 in the NICU and 4.69 μg/m3 in PICU. The mean PM concentration and the number of bacterial and fungal colonies were consistent with the WHO and EPA guidelines. Gram-positive Staphylococcus were the most abundant bacteria (90.96%). The most abundant fungi were Aspergillus (54.23%), Penicillium (15.64%), and Cladosperium (12.17%) species. There was also no significant relationship between PMs and bioaerosols. Conclusion: The mean concentrations of PMs and bioaerosols match with the guidelines, which can be attributed to more observance of health protocols and restrictions on the movement of people into ICUs due to the COVID-19 outbreak.