Synthetic pesticides are widely applied for pest and disease control in Indonesia. However, a lack of knowledge and use of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for safe pesticide usage among Indonesian farmers remains a problem. This study aims to investigate the gap between farmers' knowledge of GAP for safe pesticide usage and their application of it. This research was conducted in 2020 in five Indonesian provinces. Primary data collection was by means of a survey, in which 298 respondents answered structured questionnaires. The survey also identified the sources of the information recorded and the respondents' experience of pesticide exposure. The analysis tools used were the Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). There were significant differences in the results of the first analysis. These results appear to confirm the results of further analysis using IPA, which show that a high level of knowledge does not mean that farmers will apply this knowledge in practice: this is particularly relevant to wearing gloves and masks, using tools to remove blockages, never clearing blocked nozzles by blowing into them, and disposing of empty containers properly. Nevertheless, in some cases high levels of knowledge do result in high levels of application. Cases of pesticide exposure affecting human health by causing symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting confirm that GAP for pesticide usage are not being implemented properly by some farmers. It is therefore recommended that their knowledge should be enhanced through the series of technical training programs using participatory approaches, so that farmers accumulate knowledge which will drive them to adopt GAP for safe pesticide usage.

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong>. Hama tanaman mengancam stabilitas produksi pertanian akibat kehilangan hasil dan penurunan produktivitas tanaman. Penurunannya berkisar antara 20-95%, bahkan bisa menyebabkan gagal panen atau puso pada serangan yang masif. Keberadaan hama dan penyakit dalam budidaya tanaman harus disikapi dengan bijaksana. Organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) dikendalikan secara terpadu mengikuti konsep pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT). Penggunaan pestisida kimiawi merupakan pilihan terakhir dengan memperhatikan kondisi ambang ekonomi di lapangan. Tulisan ini bertujuan menginformasikan penggunaan bahan tumbuhan sebagai pestisida nabati dalam pengendalian hama pada budidaya tanaman  pertanian, khususnya tanaman pangan. Indonesia memiliki berbagai tumbuhan sebagai sumberdaya hayati bahan pengendali hama, baik berupa biji, daun, akar, dan batang. Bahan baku pestisida nabati yang tersedia melimpah di agroekologi lahan sawah tadah hujan adalah daun/biji mimba, biji mahoni, gulma babandotan (<em>Ageratum zonycoides</em>). Bahan-bahan tersebut dapat diekstrak dan dicampur, serta ditambahkan asap cair (produk samping proses pirolisis arang hayati dari limbah pertanian) dan urin sapi. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Balingtan memperlihatkan bahwa pemberian insektisida nabati meningkatkan hasil gabah kering panen lebih tinggi berturut-turut sebesar 10,8%; 24,8%; dan 48,7% untuk varietas Mekongga, Situ Bagendit, dan Ciherang, dibandingkan tanpa insektisida nabati. Penambahan urin sapi selain sebagai bahan pengendali hama juga berperan dalam memperbaiki ketersediaan hara terutama nitrogen.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abtract</strong>. <em>Plant pest threatens the stability of agricultural production due to the yield loss and the decreasing crops productivity. The loss could reach 20-95% or even totally loss when it is massivaly attacked. The existence of pest dan desease on plant cultivation has to be addressed wisely. Plant-disturbing organism is controlled in an integrated way by following the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).  The use of chemical pesticide is the last option with consideration of the economic threshold condition at the field. The objective of this paper is to inform the use of plant as the bassic matterial of botanical insecticide in controling agricultural-plant cultivation, especially for food crop. Indonesia has various resources of plants as biologically pests controller, in the form of seeds, leaves, roots and stems. Raw materials of the botanical insecticide are abundantly available in rainfed rice agroecology, i.e.neem leaves / seeds, mahogany seeds, and ageratum (Ageratum zonycoides) Those materials are extracted and mixed, then is added with the liquid smoke (side product of pyrolysis process of biocharcoal from agricultural waste) and cow urine. The research that was conducted by Indonesian of Agricultural Environment Research Institute shows that the application of botanical insecticide produced higher dried harvesting grain consecutively by 10.8%; 24.8%; and 48.% for Mekongga, Situ Bagendid, and Ciherang variety, compare to those without botanical insecticide. The addition of cow urine also improves the nutrient availability, especially for the nitrogen content</em><span>.</span></p>

Direct seeded rice (DSR) is one of the options to reduce CH4 emission because it uses less water during initial cropping but it sometimes has side effects such as increasing N2O emissions. The trade-off N2O and CH4 production in rice soils makes a real challenge to reduce the gas production. Nonetheless, few studies have observed the effect of DSR to GHG emission. This study aims to investigate the option of agriculture strategy used to reduce GHG emission without any yield loss through DSR. The study was conducted during rainy season at experimental field of Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute (IAERI), Central Java, Indonesia. We compared the emission of CH4 and N2O, yield and yield components that affected by DSR and TPR practices. Total CH4 emission in TPR was from 352 kg ha−1 season−1 and, it ranged from 187 kg ha−1 season−1 in the DSR. The CH4 emissions were 47% lower for DSR than for TPR during a rice growing season. No significant differences were observed among crop establishments on N2O emissions. GWP were reduced by 46.4% under DSR compare to TPR. Crop-establishment did not influence grain yield, indicating the potential of DSR as alternative methods of establishing lowland rice with low GHG emissions.

Rock phosphate is a slow release phosphate source which can be directly used on acid soils. There are some rock phospahate deposits in Indonesia. Total phosphate and calcium content in rock phosphate vary between 8.79 -31.88% P 2 O 5 , and 0.60 -57.50% Ca. The objective of these research is to study the Indonesian rock phosphate effectivity for maize on Ultisol soil. The research wasconducted at green house using randomized complete block design, 8 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consist of 5 kinds of different Indonesian rock phosphate, control, supherphos fertilizer and Tunisia Rock Phosphate as a standard comparison of P fertilizer. Relative Agronomic Effectivenes Analyses was used to see the effectivity of each rock phosphate. The result of these study shows that the effectiveness of Rock Phosphate from Jampang Tengah Sukabumi (DE-1), Brati Kayen Pati (DE-9), Padaherang Ciamis (DE-3), and Karang Mulya Ciamis (DE-5) were aqually the same as Superphos. Indonesian Rock Phosphate's effectivenesswas almost the same as Tunisian Rock Phosphate. Phosphate fertilizing using rock phosphate obviously increased the soil content of phosphorus, both the available P and the reserved ones, and Superphos did better than the rock phosphate. Rock phosphate effectivity on Typic Plintudults was lower than thaton Typickanhapludults.