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To study the morphology of the normal and inflamed bladder wall, the findings of magnetic resonance imaging and histopathologic examination of 13 in vitro specimens were correlated. Normal bladder wall appeared as a band of intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and as bands of low (inner) and intermediate (outer) signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Inflamed bladder walls demonstrated two additional inner bands of intermediate (inner) and high (innermost) signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high (inner) and low (innermost) signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The mean histopathologic percentages of muscle bundles in inner and outer bands that appeared on T2-weighted images were 92.5% +/- 4.9 and 78.3% +/- 8.2, respectively. The authors conclude that the total thickness of the two bands of differing intensity that appeared on the T2-weighted images of the normal bladder wall correlated well morphometrically with the muscle layers in the histopathologic specimens, and that the different signal intensities in the muscle layer represent a compact inner and looser outer arrangement of smooth muscle bundles.

BackgroundThe prevalence of non-communicable diseases is increasing throughout the world, including developing countries.ObjectiveThe intent was to conduct a study of a preventive medical service in a developing country, combining eHealth checkups and teleconsultation as well as assess stratification rules and the short-term effects of intervention.MethodsWe developed an eHealth system that comprises a set of sensor devices in an attaché case, a data transmission system linked to a mobile network, and a data management application. We provided eHealth checkups for the populations of five villages and the employees of five factories/offices in Bangladesh. Individual health condition was automatically categorized into four grades based on international diagnostic standards: green (healthy), yellow (caution), orange (affected), and red (emergent). We provided teleconsultation for orange- and red-grade subjects and we provided teleprescription for these subjects as required.ResultsThe first checkup was provided to 16,741 subjects. After one year, 2361 subjects participated in the second checkup and the systolic blood pressure of these subjects was significantly decreased from an average of 121 mmHg to an average of 116 mmHg (P<.001). Based on these results, we propose a cost-effective method using a machine learning technique (random forest method) using the medical interview, subject profiles, and checkup results as predictor to avoid costly measurements of blood sugar, to ensure sustainability of the program in developing countries.ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrate the benefits of an eHealth checkup and teleconsultation program as an effective health care system in developing countries.

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