We explore the feasibility of early introduction to automata theory through gamification. We designed a puzzle game that players can answer correctly if they understand the fundamental concepts of automata theory. In our investigation, 90 children played the game, and their actions were recorded in play logs. An analysis of the play logs shows that approximately 60% of the children achieved correct-answer rates of at least 70%, which suggests that primary and lower secondary school students can understand the fundamental concepts of automata theory. Meanwhile, our analysis shows that most of them do not fully understand automata theory, but some of them have a good understanding of the concept.

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Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare but critical complication that usually occurs within 1 week after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [1]. Patients without surgical repair of VSR show a high mortality rate of 76% within 1 month, and emergency surgical repair is necessary. However, the in-hospital mortality rate is still high at 47%, and depends on the patient's preoperative condition [2,3]. Here, we describe the successful transcatheter closure of a recurrent post-infarction VSR using an Amplatzer duct occluder (ADO) in a patient who had undergone emergency surgical repair. Case report A 78-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with cardiogenic shock 2 days after the first episode of chest pain. Upon hospital admission, her blood pressure was 78/52 mmHg and her pulse rate was 104 beats/min. Physical examination revealed internal jugular venous dilatation and a grade 3 pan-systolic murmur at the apex. Her 12-lead electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in leads V2-V5. Echocardiography in the emergency room revealed akinesis in the mid anterior septum and apex, and VSR in the apical interventricular septum with left-to-right shunt

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