In this study, we viewed self-directed humor as "Aikido-humor" by using the analogy of martial art, Aikido. The objective of this study is to evaluate its possible application to preventing bullying. A role-play experiment was conducted with 26 groups, each consists of three university students who had friendly relationship with each other, totally 78 subjects. We asked one of the three members of each group to respond with self-directed humor to aggressive utterance made by another while two sets of six-minute conversation under two different conditions: without and with an observer. The result suggests that the aggressive speaker feels like to reduce emotional distance with the respondent who responds to the aggressive utterance with self-directed humor. On the other hand, it was observed that the aggressive speaker doesn't feel affinity for the respondent when there is a third party who doesn't involved in the conversation even if the respondent responds with self-directed humor. Thus self-directed humor, here considered as Aikido-humor, may function as a kind of management communication which tends to make the interpersonal relationship of conversing parties negative while maintaining the mood of conversation when there is a third party. However, further consideration would be needed to make it a practical method to prevent bullying because it is also associated with risks such as encouraging aggression and making detection of victims difficult.

Masstransfer accompaniedby dissolution of benzoic acid from the wall of a parallel-plate duct into aqueous alkaline solutions was studied, using a theoretical model based on diffusion equations. Chemical and ionic interactions of each species, together with diffusion and convection, are considered in this analysis. The theoretical equations were solved as an initial-value problem by using a finite-difference technique. Simultaneously, experiments were conducted under laminar-flow conditions to check the predicted overall rates of dissolution. The rate of dissolution of benzoic acid into KOHsolutions was shown to be faster than that into LiOHsolutions of equal concentration because of the larger mobility of the K+ ions. Under the conditions analyzed here, the agreement between theoretical and experimental overall rates of dissolution was excellent. This showed that the present theoretical analysis can be valid and useful in predicting rates of mass transfer in this kind of complex solidliquid dissolution systems.

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Reactions to teasing in everyday situations were investigated by focusing on emotions towards teasers and needs for maintaining a relationship. A questionnaire was administered to Japanese university students (N=150, 71 men and 79 women, mean age=19.29 years old, SD=1.38). Covariance structure analysis developed a causal model of teasing reactions, which indicated that emotions toward teasers, including trust and independence, suppressed adverse reactions to teasing. On the other hand, the sense of rivalry caused adverse reactions. It is suggested that anxiety about relationships and needs for mutual respect might cause exaggerated reactions.

In this research, the purpose was to examine the influence of father's image transfer from mother to child ing father image of their child. We focused on two aspects of how to convey father's image by mother, management side and content side. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 217 college students (97 males, 120 females). As a result of the factor analysis, the management aspect of how to convey father's image by mother was constructed with "Peaceful" "Callousness " "Involving" "awkwardness" "serious" in management side and "reference to father's presence" "mother's perspective to the father" in the content aspect. Covariance structure analysis was conducted to examine the effect of mother's father image transmission on family function through mediation of father's image. As a result, it was suggested that referring to father's day-today situation on the content side and "peaceful" "serious" on the management side by mothers promotes family functions by mediating a positive father's image perceived by their child.