This study examined the relationship between variables about family members co-residing during the COVID-19 pandemic and anxiety about COVID-19, domestic violence from spouse, child abuse anxiety, internet addiction, and mental health as social problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 220 parents (70 male and 150 female, age; M = 41.6, SD = 34.4) were included in the analysis. Stepwise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted with dependent variables of fear of COVID-19, spousal violence, anxiety regarding perpetrating child abuse, internet addiction, and mental health. The independent variables were basic variables related to family members such as family composition. The results demonstrated that parents with preschool children were anxious about the possibility that they might abuse their children (β = .203, p < .01). Subjects who smoked were associated with anxiety about being the victim of domestic violence by their spouse (β = .154, p < .05). Those whose income had decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, those who were employed, and those with few rooms in their house were more likely to be dependent on the Internet (in order, β = .189, p < .01; β = .196, p < .01; β = -.140, p < .05). Finally, mental health was impaired among those whose income was reduced by the COVID-19 pandemic (β = .134, p < .05) and among those who had conflicting opinions in their families regarding the pandemic (β = .206, p < .01). These results indicate that family variables are associated with family social problems. Additionally, we assume these have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. While further research is required to determine the causal relationships among the variables, the findings can be used as an indicator of support that should be provided to families.

Solution-focused brief therapy is a psychotherapeutic model. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of clarity of long-term solutions on positive attitude towards life. In order to examine the effects of the long-term solution image, the conditions for clarifying the long-term and short-term solution images, and not seeking clarification of the solution image were set and randomly assigned. A total of 94 participants who responded to all questions were included in the analysis. The results of this study indicate that clarity of the long-term solution enhances time-oriented attitude. In addition, the clarity of short-term solutions increases the reality of their goals. Furthermore, solution-building and, positive, and ideal levels of life were shown to increase after implementation, regardless of the condition. These results indicate that clarification of the long-term solution expands the positive attitude of valuing limited time.

In this study, we viewed self-directed humor as "Aikido-humor" by using the analogy of martial art, Aikido. The objective of this study is to evaluate its possible application to preventing bullying. A role-play experiment was conducted with 26 groups, each consists of three university students who had friendly relationship with each other, totally 78 subjects. We asked one of the three members of each group to respond with self-directed humor to aggressive utterance made by another while two sets of six-minute conversation under two different conditions: without and with an observer. The result suggests that the aggressive speaker feels like to reduce emotional distance with the respondent who responds to the aggressive utterance with self-directed humor. On the other hand, it was observed that the aggressive speaker doesn't feel affinity for the respondent when there is a third party who doesn't involved in the conversation even if the respondent responds with self-directed humor. Thus self-directed humor, here considered as Aikido-humor, may function as a kind of management communication which tends to make the interpersonal relationship of conversing parties negative while maintaining the mood of conversation when there is a third party. However, further consideration would be needed to make it a practical method to prevent bullying because it is also associated with risks such as encouraging aggression and making detection of victims difficult.