In recent years, multitarget drugs for neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease have been developed and well researched. Many studies have revealed that multitarget drugs are also useful for lung cancer and respiratory diseases. Pemetrexed is a multitargeted antifolate with strong antitumor activity against mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma. Crizotinib is an ATP-competitive tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets c-MET, ROS1, and ALK. Alectinib is known as an ALK inhibitor but also targets LTK, CHEK2, FLT3, PHKG2, and RET. Sorafenib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets RAF kinase, KIT, VEGFR, PDGFR1β, FLT3, and RET. Nintedanib is a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGFR. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of action of multitarget therapies and report the results of the latest clinical trials.

We present the case of a 70‐year‐old man with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. He was treated with pembrolizumab, a programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) inhibitor, as a first‐line therapy. After six cycles of pembrolizumab, he suddenly developed cardiac tamponade. With the exception of newly massive malignant pericardial effusion, the other malignant lesions improved. Pembrolizumab was continued and the patient has shown a durable response for two years. This is the unique case of late‐onset pericaridial effusion with pembrolizumab, showed discrepant anti‐tumour effects. A proper assessment is crucial to ensure favourable clinical outcomes in patients treated with PD‐1 inhibitor.

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Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) plus vinorelbine is the standard regimen for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, CDDP elicits severe toxic effects, including emesis, neurotoxicity, and renal damage; carboplatin (CBDCA) may be a feasible alternative for CDDP-unfit patients. CBDCA plus paclitaxel (PTX) adjuvant chemotherapy showed a survival benefit for patients with stage IB tumors >4 cm in size, while CBDCA plus nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-PTX showed greater efficacy and lower neurotoxicity than CBDCA plus PTX in advanced NSCLC. Here, we investigated the feasibility of using CBDCA plus nab-PTX as adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC. Patients and Methods: Patients with completely resected stage II or III NSCLC, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1 and adequate kidney function, received four cycles of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with CBDCA (AUC=5 mg/mL/min, on day 1) and nab-PTX (100 mg/m 2 , on days 1, 8, and 15) administered every 4 weeks within 8 weeks after surgery. The study was designed as a prospective, single-center, Phase II study. The primary endpoint was the completion rate of chemotherapy; secondary endpoints were two-year relapse-free survival (RFS) and safety. The expected completion rate was 80%, with a 50% lower limit. Results: Of 21 enrolled patients, 18 (85.7%) were CDDP-unfit owing to age (≥75 years old [n=11, 52.4%]) or mild renal impairment (n=7, 33.3%). Nineteen of the 21 enrolled patients were assigned to the intervention. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were neutropenia (n=15, 78.9%) and anemia (n=3, 15.8%). The completion rate for the four cycles was 63.2% (95% CI, 38.4-83.7). Two-year RFS was 56.8% (95% CI, 29.7-76.9). Conclusion: The completion rate for CBDCA plus nab-PTX as adjuvant chemotherapy for CDDP-unfit NSCLC patients did not reach treatment feasibility. Further dose modifications may be required in future studies.

We describe a case of microscopic polyangiitis manifested as pleuritis confirmed by thoracoscopic biopsy. An 80-year-old man presented with a three-day history of shortness of breath and cough. Chest radiography revealed patchy opacities in the lower fields of the bilateral lung and right-sided pleural effusion. Thoracentesis revealed lymphocytic pleural exudates. Thoracoscopic biopsy specimens were compatible with fibrotic pleuritis. He developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with elevated myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titer in blood and pleural effusion. Although the patient was resistant to two weekly courses of pulse steroid therapy, he was successfully treated with a five-day course of intravenous immunoglobulin.