The Global Wheat Head Detection (GWHD) dataset was created in 2020 and has assembled 193,634 labelled wheat heads from 4700 RGB images acquired from various acquisition platforms and 7 countries/institutions. With an associated competition hosted in Kaggle, GWHD_2020 has successfully attracted attention from both the computer vision and agricultural science communities. From this first experience, a few avenues for improvements have been identified regarding data size, head diversity, and label reliability. To address these issues, the 2020 dataset has been reexamined, relabeled, and complemented by adding 1722 images from 5 additional countries, allowing for 81,553 additional wheat heads. We now release in 2021 a new version of the Global Wheat Head Detection dataset, which is bigger, more diverse, and less noisy than the GWHD_2020 version.

To measure the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces, we used human temporal bones (horizontal serial sections) under two selection criteria: absence of otological pathology, and absence of artifact in the membranous labyrinth (boundary between endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces) maintaining an intact structural integrity. Under magnified projection, the area of scala tympani, scala vestibuli, scala media, vestibular endolymphatic space, and vestibular perilymphatic space were measured separately, using a microcomputer digitizing tablet. Three repeated measurements were obtained and averaged. The mean total labyrinthine fluid space was 204.5 mm3; the mean total endolymphatic space was 38.1 mm3 and mean total perilymphatic space 166.4 mm3. The mean total vestibular fluid space was 120.9 mm3 and mean total cochlear fluid space 83.6 mm3. In the vestibule, the perilymphatic space occupied 74.8%, and the endolymphatic space, 25.2%, whereas 90.8% of the cochlear fluid space was occupied by perilymph.

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About 90% of HIV‐1 RNA in the lymph nodes is reported to localize in follicular dendritic cells‐network (FDC‐NW) as early as several days after infection and as much as that in the late stage. But the mechanism remains to be fully understood. To elucidate the role of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in the early stage of HIV‐1 infection, FDC‐like cell strains (FDCLC) were established and they were characterized in the co‐culture system with T cells for their effect on HIV‐1 trapping and replication in p24 immunoassay, immunohistochemistry as well as confocal and electronmicroscopy. Established FDCLC were positive for CNA‐42, S‐100α and intercellular desmosome‐like junctions. L‐SIGN and DC‐SIGN were also detected in FDCLC. Alu‐HIV‐1 PCR analysis showed no HIV‐1 integration in FDCLC. FDCLC trapped HIV‐1 and transferred them to uninfected MOLT‐4 T cells (MOLT‐4) efficiently in the absence of specific antibody. FDCLC also accelerated HIV‐1 replication in HIV‐1‐pre‐exposed MOLT‐4. These unique FDCLC effects were explained, at least partly, by the fact that FDCLC up‐regulated CD4 expression in MOLT‐4 and helped T cells escape from apoptosis in the co‐culture. These data suggest that FDC/FDCLC engage not only in trapping but also in active expansion of HIV‐1 in the absence of specific antibody.

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