A series of studies was conducted on the synthesis of polyfunctional cyclophosphazene monomers having radiopacity and a polymerization group in the same molecule, and their properties and applicability to composite resin were examined. Using octachlorocyclotetraphosphazene, P4N4Cl8 (4PNC), monomers were synthesized by replacing the 1-4 of chlorine (Cl) with p-bromophenol (BrC6H4OH, BrPh), and replacing the residual number of C 1, 7-4, with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate [CH2:C(CH3)COOCH2CH2OH] (HEMA), so as to obtain four kinds of transparent monomer having radiopacity and a polymerization group in the same molecule. We then analyzed these monomers and examined their physical properties after bulk-polymerization. Next, we prepared an organic composite filler using 4PN-(BrPh)3-(EMA)5 monomer, which showed comparatively good radiopacity, to produce a new experimental radiopaque composite resin.Although radiopacity improved in accordance with the increase in the number of BrPh molecules replaced, the mechanical properties of the polymer became poorer. Similarly it was proved that the radiopacity of composite resin made with 4PN-(BrPh)3-(EMA)5 monomer was equivalent or even superior, compared with the radiopacity of the front tooth.Consequently, it was shown that these synthesized monomers can be applied to visible light-cured radiopaque composite resin.

The continuous cyclic bending (CCB) and subsequent annealing made it possible to produce the gradient microstructure with the coarse grained surface and the fine grained central layers in an Al Mg Mn alloy sheet. The microstructural evolution during annealing in the continuous cyclic bent (CCBent) sheet was simulated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of recrystallization in order to investigate an effect of working and annealing conditions on thickness fraction of coarse grained layer in this study. Further, we attempted to reproduce the thickness fraction of coarse grained layers that reported by the experiment in the Al Mg Mn alloy sheets by the MC simulation.

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