Our study revealed that in the absence of a primary allergic reaction in the sinus mucosa, blocking of the middle meatus and ostium by allergic swelling of the nasal mucosa may induce hypoxia and secondary mucosal swelling in the sinuses.

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Papillomaviral E2 genes encode proteins that regulate viral transcription. While the full-length bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E2 peptide is a strong trans activator, the homologous full-length E2 product of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) appeared to vary in function in previous studies. Here we show that when expressed from comparable constructs, the full-length E2 products of HPV-16 and BPV-1 trans activate a simple E2-and Spl-dependent promoter up to-100-fold in human keratinocytes and other epithelial cells as well as human and animal fibroblasts. Vaccinia virus-expressed, purified full-length HPV-16 and BPV-1 E2 proteins bound a consensus E2 site with high specific affinities (Kd =-10-9 M) and stimulated in vitro transcription up to sixto eightfold. In vivo and in vitro trans activation by either E2 protein required cooperation with another activator, such as Spl, or other factors that interact with papillomavirus promoters, such as AP-1, Oct-i, nuclear factor 1/CTF, transcriptional enhancer factor 1, or USF. The glutamine-rich domain B of Spl or the mutually unrelated activation domains of other transcription factors were necessary and sufficient for cooperation with either E2 factor. We conclude that like BPV-1 E2, the HPV-16 E2 protein has the potential to function as a strong activator of viral gene expression in cooperation with cellular transcription factors.

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