Abstract.-The rocky fish Graus nigra (Kyphosidae) commonly named mulata, is an important resource for artisanal and recreational fishery off northern Chile, but unfortunately shows show signs of depletion in terms of abundance and size, so have been developing initiatives to its aquaculture with repopulation potential actions. In this paper we report a study of the thermal tolerances in the early stages of development. Fertilized eggs of Graus nigra (Kyphosidae) were obtained from captive adults and incubated at different temperatures between 12 and 22°C to study the effect on the development rate, hatching success and survival of early-stages until the total absorption of the yolk. The highest percentage of hatched eggs occurred between 14 and 18°C. The highest survival was observed between 16 and 18°C. Yolk exhaustion was observed after 128.3 h at 12°C, 48.6 h at 18°C and 51.2 h at 20°C. A significant reduction in the larvae sizes was observed after 28 to 30 hours post-hatching at 18°C (4.32 to 2.75 mm) and 20°C (4.18 to 2.99 mm). The incubation experiments suggest that the optimal temperature for maximizing the eggs hatching success, growth and survival of early larvae is 16°C, which is coincident with the temperature of maximum spawning intensity in the adult broodstock.Key words: Graus nigra, temperature, development, eggs, larvaeResumen.-El pez de roca Graus nigra (Kyphosidae), conocido como mulata, es un importante recurso para la pesca artesanal y deportiva de la zona norte de Chile, pero lamentablemente muestra signos de caída en su abundancia y en los tamaños de los peces capturados, por lo que se han desarrollado iniciativas tendientes a su cultivo con fines comerciales y de posibles acciones de repoblamiento. La temperatura es una de las variables ambientales más influyente en el desarrollo embrionario, éxito en la eclosión de huevos y supervivencia larval de peces. Huevos fertilizados de Graus nigra (Kyphosidae) fueron obtenidos de reproductores en cautiverio e incubados a distintas temperaturas entre 12 y 22°C, para estudiar el efecto sobre la tasa de desarrollo, éxito en la eclosión y supervivencia de estadios tempranos hasta el término del vitelo. El mayor porcentaje de huevos eclosionados ocurrió entre 14 y 18°C. La mayor supervivencia fue observada entre 16 y 18°C. El agotamiento del vitelo ocurrió a las 128,3 h a 12°C, 48,6 h a 18°C y 51,2 h a 20°C. Se detectó una reducción significativa en el tamaño de las larvas después de 28-30 h post-eclosión a 18°C (4,32 a 2,75 mm) y 20°C (4,18 a 2,99 mm). Los experimentos de incubación, sugieren que la temperatura óptima para la maximización del éxito de eclosión de huevos de esta especie, así como el crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas tempranas es de 16°C, coincidente con la temperatura de máxima intensidad de desove registrada para los reproductores adultos en cautiverio.
Corresponding author: Avelino Muñoz (avelino.munoz@cordunap.cl) RESUMEN. Los alimentos para peces están formulados con diversos ingredientes, donde la harina de pescado es la principal fuente de proteína. Sin embargo, este insumo tiene un alto costo que lleva a la necesidad de evaluar nuevas fuentes de proteínas y probarlas en especies marinas. Oplegnathus insignis (San Pedro, Pacific beakfish) es una especie omnívora en su etapa intermareal y carnívora en su etapa submareal, que ha sido cultivada de manera experimental, siendo necesario incorporar dietas formuladas. Este estudio reporta la experiencia en alimentación y nutrición, de juveniles de O. insignis alimentados con dietas formuladas con distintas fuentes de proteína. Se efectuó una experiencia con juveniles de O. insignis provenientes de un cultivo experimental. Se formularon cuatro alimentos, uno en base de harina de pescado (referencia) y tres modificando la fuente de proteína del alimento de referencia, intercambiando un 30% de harina de pescado, por harina de soya, harina de moluscos y harina de quinoa. Se experimentó con 180 ind de 295,6 g y de 450 días post-eclosión, distribuidos en 12 estanques rectangulares de 1,6 m 3 . La alimentación fue a saciedad. Se efectuaron análisis próximales de los alimentos experimentales de las heces colectadas. Se determinó los coeficientes de digestibilidad total y proteína. El alimento con mayor contenido de proteína fue el que contenía harina de moluscos. El mayor coeficiente de digestibilidad total lo tienen los alimentos con harina de pescado (68,0%) y harina de moluscos (67,1%), mientras que en los alimentos en base a harinas vegetales, la digestibilidad total para la harina de soya fue de 62,7% y para harina de quinoa de 64,1%. Estos resultados indican que es factible reemplazar un 30% de la harina de pescado por harinas de origen vegetal. Palabras clave: Oplegnathus insignis, San Pedro, nutrición, análisis proximal, quinoa, acuicultura.Total digestibility coefficients and protein content in experimental food for juvenile of San Pedro, Oplegnathus insignis (Kner, 1867) (Perciformes, Oplegnathidae)ABSTRACT. Fish feeds are formulated with different ingredients, where fishmeal is the main source of protein.However, this input has a high cost, which leads to the need to evaluate new sources of protein and test them on marine species. Oplegnathus insignis (San Pedro, Pacific beakfish) is an omnivorous fish during its intertidal life stage switching to carnivore when it lives in subtidal habitats. This species has been reared experimentally, being necessary to incorporate formulated diets. To this end, this study reports the experiments in food and nutrition in juvenile O. insignis fed with formulated diets with different protein sources. The experiments were performed with hatchery-produced juvenile fish. Four foods, one based on fishmeal (reference) and three modified, replacing 30% of fish meal by other protein sources derived from soybean meal, mollusc meal and quinoa meal. We experimented with 180 ind. of 295....
The San Pedro (also known as the Pacific beakfish) Oplegnathus insignis is a species of perciform fish found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In northern Chile, San Pedro are an important food fish currently being evaluated for aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to conduct an initial evaluation of the cortisol stress response in captive‐bred San Pedro. The fish were subjected to confinement stress by crowding them into a low volume of water (231 kg/m3) for 90 min. Blood was collected over time for the determination of plasma cortisol. Confinement resulted in a significant increase in plasma cortisol, from a resting concentration of 24.9 ng/mL to 120.7 ng/mL after 10 min into the stress experience. After 20 and 60 min of stress, cortisol concentrations plateaued at 225.3 ng/mL and 243.7 ng/mL, respectively, followed by a decrease to 56.1 ng/mL by 90 min. These results indicate a rapid and robust cortisol stress response in this species. This is the first evaluation of the San Pedro stress response, and these data will serve as the baseline for future evaluations of San Pedro stress physiology and the development of aquaculture techniques suitable for this species.
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