The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, a model for obese type 2 diabetes, shows bone quantitative abnormalities, namely low bone mineral density (BMD). The objective of this study was to evaluate bone morphological changes, in particular identifying the bone qualitative abnormalities, in the SDT fatty rat. Male SDT fatty rats showed increases in total trabecular area and trabecular number and decreases in trabecular thickness in cancellous bones of the proximal tibia, indicating trabecular miniaturization. The SDT fatty rat is useful for investigation of pathophysiological changes in bone quality in diabetic osteoporosis.

To determine the intrapulmonary concentration of enrofloxacin (ERFX) in calves, plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and alveolar cells samples were obtained from clinically healthy calves. Four clinically healthy calves were administered a single dose of ERFX (5 mg/kg) by subcutaneous injection. Samples of plasma were obtained for each subjects at 0 (before administration), 1 and 2 hr after administration of ERFX. Samples of BALF were obtained from each subject at 0, 1 and 2 hr after administration of ERFX. This examination was conducted two times, one week apart. The mean EFRX concentrations in plasma at 1 and 2 hr after administration were l.23 and 1.29 µg/ml, respectively. The mean EFRX concentrations in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) at 1 and 2 hr after administration 8.53 µg/ml and 9.42 µg/ml, respectively. The mean ERFX concentrations of alveolar cells in BALF at 1 and 2 hr after administration were 4.04 µg/ml and 5.19 µg/ml, respectively. These results suggest that the ERFX concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells concentrations in BALF at 1 and 2 hr after administration were higher than the plasma concentrations.

This study aimed to analyze the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ERFX) and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CPFX) in plasma, as well as their migration to, and retention in, the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF). Four healthy calves were subcutaneously administered a single dose of ERFX (5 mg/kg). ERFX and CPFX dynamics post-administration were analyzed via a non-compartment model, including the absorption phase. The Cmax of plasma ERFX was 1.6 ± 0.4 μg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post-administration and gradually decreased to 0.14 ± 0.03 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The mean residence time between 0 and 24 hr (MRT0-24) in plasma was 6.9 ± 1.0 hr. ERFX concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells peaked at 3.0 ± 2.0 hr and 4.0 ± 2.3 hr following administration, respectively, and gradually decreased to 0.9 ± 0.8 μg/ml and 0.8 ± 0.5 μg/ml thereafter. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of ERFX was 6.5 ± 0.7 hr, while that in ELF and alveolar cells was 6.5 ± 3.6 and 7.4 ± 4.3 hr, respectively. The Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0-24 hr for ERFX were significantly higher in alveolar cells than in plasma (P<0.05). These results suggest that ERFX is distributed at high concentrations in ELF and is retained at high concentrations in alveolar cells after 24 hr in the BALF region; hence, ERFX may be an effective therapeutic agent against pneumonia.

Abstract. Induction of corpus luteum regression andsubsequent estrus using prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α

The purpose of this study was to clarify the distribution of marbofloxacin (MBFX) within the bronchoalveolar region of calves. Four clinically healthy calves were intramuscularly injected with a single dose of MBFX (2 mg/kg). Samples of plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were obtained for each calf at 0 (before administration), 1, 2, 6 and 24 hr after injection of MBFX. The injections and series of sample collections were conducted and repeated again after two weeks. The results show that the MBFX concentrations in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were significantly higher than that in plasma and in alveolar cells at 2 hr after injection ( P <0.05). For concentrations of MBFX within the ELF, the mean area under the MBFX concentration curve calculated during the 0 to 24 hr timeframe (AUC 0–24 ) was significantly higher than the mean determined from samples collected from the plasma ( P <0.05). These results suggest that intramuscularly injected MBFX was well distributed in the bronchoalveolar region.