Abstract    Background Cognitive and motoric ability has important role in children’s development, whereas exercise has benefit effects on those abilities. Knowledge materials mostly have dominant role in primary school curriculum. Physical exercise lesson is only complementary lesson without a target to improve children’s cognitive ability. We conducted a study to give evidence that  3x/week structured exercise program has better effect compared to 1 x/week exercise on cognitive and motoric skill ability in children. Materials and methods Children aged 6-8 years old were divided into treatment (n=34) and control group (n=33). Treatment group were performing fun aerobic gymnastics guided by trained instructor, 45 minutes each, 3 times a week for 8 weeks with intensity target. Control group were also performing the same gymnastic activity for only once a week with no target. Cognitive and motoric ability were assessed before and after intervention. Results A recommended regular exercise has better effect on executive function, reaction speed, coordination, flexibility and agility, compared to control.  There were no differences on memory and balance ability. Both groups have shown better result for all indicators after exercise. Exercise in both groups has positive effect on cognitive and motoric ability, but a recommended 3 x/week regular exercise has better effects compared to 1 x/week exercise. Conclusions School program should give more portions for exercise activity in their curriculum. Keywords: Gymnastics exercise, cognitive ability, motoric ability

Background Nervous system development in early lifeinfluences the quality of cognitive ability during adulthood.Neuronal development and neurogenesis are highly influencedby neurotrophins. The most active neurotrophin is brain-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF). Physical activity has a positiveeffect on cognitive function. However, few experimental studieshave been done on children to assess the effect of aerobic regularexercise on BDNF levels.Objective To assess the effect of regular aerobic exercise onurinary BDNF levels in children.Methods This clinical study was performed in 67 children aged6-8 years in Palembang. The intervention group (n=34) engagedin aerobic gymnastics three times per week for 8 weeks, while thecontrol group (n=33) engaged in gymnastic only once per week.Measurements of urinary BDNF were performed on both groupsbefore and after intervention. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon ranktests were used to analyze the differences between groups.Results There was no difference in urinary BDNF levels betweenthe two groups prior to the intervention. After intervention,the mean urinary BDNF levels were significantly higher in theintervention group than in the control group, 230.2 (SD 264.4)pg/mL vs. 88.0 (SD 35.4) pg/mL, respectively (P=0.027). We alsofound that engaging in aerobic gymnastics significantly increasedurinary BDNF levels from baseline in both groups (P=0.001).Conclusion Regular aerobic exercise can increase urinary BDNFlevels and potentially improve cognitive function. Aerobic exerciseshould be a routine activity in school curriculums in combinationwith the learning process to improve children’s cognitive ability.

Background Many factors contribute to language development

Latar belakang. Anak hidrosefalus dengan VP shunt dapat mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup (QoL) akibat berbagai faktor yang hingga kini belum banyak diteliti.Tujuan. Menilai luaran QoL anak hidrosefalus dengan VP shunt dan faktor yang memengaruhinya.Metode. Anak berusia 5-18 tahun dengan hidrosefalus yang dipasang VP shunt tahun 2010-2015 diidentifikasi melalui rekam medis. Orangtua kemudian diwawancarai dengan panduan kuesioner HOQ (hydrocephalus outcome questionnaire). Hasil meliputi skor QoL pada aspek fisik, kognitif, dan keseluruhan. Skor 0 menunjukkan luaran terburuk dan skor 1 terbaik.  Dilakukan analisis perbedaan skor berdasarkan faktor risiko (usia saat pemasangan, etiologi, adanya kejang dan komplikasi shunt) dan analisis kategorik berdasarkan pencapaian skor standar penelitian terdahulu (0,69).Hasil. Terdapat 95 anak yang diidentifikasi, 18 meninggal dan 46 dengan data tidak lengkap sehingga terdapat 31 anak yang dianalisis.  Skor HOQ yang didapatkan, yaitu fisik 0,75±0,27, sosial-emosional 0,78±0,22, kognitif 0,66±0,31, dan keseluruhan 0,73±0,25. Skor HOQ keseluruhan lebih rendah pada anak dengan komplikasi. Kejang (RR 2,52) dan komplikasi shunt (RR 4,85) berhubungan dengan luaran buruk. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan hanya komplikasi yang berhubungan dengan QoL buruk (adjusted OR 15,11).Kesimpulan. Luaran QoL ditemukan lebih baik dibandingkan penelitian sebelumnya. Kejang dan komplikasi shunt dapat berpengaruh negatif terhadap luaran QoL anak hidrosefalus dengan VP shunt.

Background Nervous system development in early life influences the quality of cognitive ability during adulthood. Neuronal development and neurogenesis are highly influenced by neurotrophins. The most active neurotrophin is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Physical activity has a positive effect on cognitive function. However, few experimental studies have been done on children to assess the effect of aerobic regular exercise on BDNF levels. Objective To assess the effect of regular aerobic exercise on urinary BDNF levels in children. Methods This clinical study was performed in 67 children aged 6-8 years in Palembang. The intervention group (n=34) engaged in aerobic gymnastics three times per week for 8 weeks, while the control group (n=33) engaged in gymnastic only once per week. Measurements of urinary BDNF were performed on both groups before and after intervention. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon rank tests were used to analyze the differences between groups. Results There was no difference in urinary BDNF levels between the two groups prior to the intervention. After intervention, the mean urinary BDNF levels were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group, 230.2 (SD 264.4) pg/mL vs. 88.0 (SD 35.4) pg/mL, respectively (P=0.027). We also found that engaging in aerobic gymnastics significantly increased urinary BDNF levels from baseline in both groups (P=0.001). Conclusion Regular aerobic exercise can increase urinary BDNF levels and potentially improve cognitive function. Aerobic exercise should be a routine activity in school curriculums in combination with the learning process to improve children's cognitive ability.