Human thermal physiological and comfort models will soon be able to simulate both transient and spatial inhomogeneities in the thermal environment. With this increasing detail comes the need for anatomically specific convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for the human body. The present study used an articulated thermal manikin with 16 body segments (head, chest, back, upper arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, upper legs, lower legs, feet) to generate radiative heat transfer coefficients as well as natural-and forced-mode convective coefficients. The tests were conducted across a range of wind speeds from still air to 5.0 m/s, representing atmospheric conditions typical of both indoors and outdoors. Both standing and seated postures were investigated, as were eight different wind azimuth angles. The radiative heat transfer coefficient measured for the whole-body was 4.5 W/m 2 per K for both the seated and standing cases, closely matching the generally accepted whole-body value of 4.7 W/m 2 per K. Similarly, the whole-body natural convection coefficient for the manikin fell within the mid-range of previously published values at 3.4 and 3.3 W/m 2 per K when standing and seated respectively. In the forced convective regime, heat transfer coefficients were higher for hands, feet and peripheral limbs compared to the central torso region. Wind direction had little effect on convective heat transfers from individual body segments. A general-purpose forced convection equation suitable for application to both seated and standing postures indoors was h c =10.3v 0.6 for the whole-body. Similar equations were generated for individual body segments in both seated and standing postures.

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Convective heat transfer coefficlents fbr calm conditions were evaluated f ｛)r each part of the clothed human body ， and compared to those of 中 e nude bod) J ． This was done f-) r both standing and sitting postures ， using a heated therma 【 manikin ， Clothing surface temperatures were measured with an inf 士 ared imaging radiemeter ． The convective heat transfer coefficients were larger for the clothed ma 通 kin than f｛)r the nude manikin ， both f｛)r the whole body and f () r the individual body parts， Large differences were observed in the head， the pelvic region ， the chest ， and the back． 「 This resulted in 40 to 50 ％ increases of convective heat transfer coeC5cients fbr the whole body． Regressbn models for convection heat transfer under ca 】 m condition were presented for use in thermophysiological modeling ． Clothing insu 】 ations were also evaluated and compared between three methods ， The results demonstrate that three methods of estimating clothing ｛ nsulatlon can produce slgnificant ［ y different resu ］ ts、 Keywords ' (／ ' onvective heat tran ． gfer ． clothing insutation， 1召かα 一 red thermography ． human body， thermal con 言 ／-) rt ， natural con りection

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