Rhaphidophora pinnata is suggested to prevent or treat cancer of genetic mutations. In this study, antimutagenic activity of an ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves was evaluated by using a bone marrow micronucleus assay on mice. Male mice (20–30 g) were treated for sevendays with an ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves at a dose of 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg/day/orally, prior to exposure to cyclophosphamide (i.p. 30 mg/kg), 24 h after the end of the treatment. Antimutagenic activity was determined by the decrease of micronuclei (MN). The results showed that a single administration of all variant doses of the extract had significantly decreased the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cell of mice as compared to the cyclophosphamide group. The ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves had antimutagenic activity against cyclophosphamide-induced gene mutation.

Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in plants are a natural source of antioxidants which can inhibit the development of several types of diseases in humans, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This study aimed to determine total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antimutagenic activity of ethanol extract nanoparticles of Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f) Schott leaves. The total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of Rhaphidophora pinnata extract was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride. The antimutagenic activity of the ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves was evaluated based on the bone marrow micronucleus assay method. The total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata was 49.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and the total flavonoid content was 21.8 mg quercetin equivalent/g. The administration of ethanol extract nanoparticles of Rhaphidophora pinnata at a dose of 200, 400, 800 mg/kgBW could decrease the formation of micronucleus in the spinal cord of rats compared to the cyclophosphamide group (P<0.05). The ethanol extract nanoparticles of Rhaphidophora pinnata had antimutagenic activity and dosedependent protection effects against cyclophosphamide -inducer of DNA oxidative damage.

Recently, drug resistance because of widespread abuse and uncontrol use of antibiotics has become an increasingly difficult problem, with the result that making the development of alternative antimicrobial very urgent handling. Aim of this study was to investigate chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of outer layers (skin) of red onion bulbs from various extracts using different solvents according to their polarity. In this study, outer layers (skin) of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs extract by directly maceration method with methanol as solvent and stratified maceration method based on solvent polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol). Analysis of chemical compound of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract carried by thin layer chromatography. Phytochemical screening carried out on outer layers of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs in simplicia powder. An antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method. The culture of microorganism used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Phytochemistry screening positive results of simplicia were showed against the class secondary metabolites of chemical compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids and tannins but not contained anthraquinone glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. Analysis of chemical compounds of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract produced different chemical compounds, namely triterpenoids and steroids (for hexane extract), polyphenols and alkaloids (for ethyl acetate extract), triterpenoids, polyphenols and alkaloids (for methanol extract). Data showed that extract from stratified maceration method using methanol provided the most extensive inhibitory diameter. Extract of directly maceration method using methanol and extract of stratified maceration method using ethyl acetate showed not so different antimicrobial activity, whereas for an extract from stratified maceration method using hexane was not provide antimicrobial activity at all.

Miconazole nitrate is one of the antifungal agents applied to the skin. Miconazole nitrate has a low bioavailability if it implements for oral treatment due to poor solubility and has low absorption, therefore miconazole nitrate implemented as the antifungal agent for topically. In addition, the main problem of a drug is the treatment of topical for poor skin penetration ability. The aim of the current study was the comparison of the penetration and the antifungal activity of both dosages. Nanoemulsion and cream containing miconazole nitrate were made in three formulas namely 1%, 1.5%, 2% and one formula as a blank (without miconazole nitrate). The nanoemulsion is formulated with a low energy emulsification method. The formula was then evaluated for its particle size, drug release profile and antifungal activity test against Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Candida albicans. The particle size of nanoemulsion is 102.36 nm, 112.23 nm and 117.52 nm sequentially. The in-vitro release profile of nanoemulsion is between 65.81% to 71.09% while the cream is between 35.94% to 41.84% for 12 hours. Nanoemulsion contains miconazole nitrate 2% has an effective effect for the Cream 2% that number includes inhibit zone 28.2±1.15 mm for Tricophyton mentagrophytes, 21.0±0.77 mm for Microsporum canis and 23.7±0.90 mm for Candida albicans. From the current study, it can be concluded that nanoemulsion dosage forms result in penetration and antifungal activity is better than cream dosage forms. Preparations nanoemulsion 2% resulted in improving the most penetration and antifungal activity.

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