Background. Understanding of the different mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials is essential for a successful aligner treatment and further developments. However, data of previous material testing studies are scarcely comparable. Aim of the current study was to evaluate the different test parameters to lay the foundations for guidelines for future, more standardized three-point-bending aligner material tests. Materials and Methods. Several parameters concerning the specimen preparation and experimental three-point-bending setup were varied. The specimens were collected from polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) Duran® foils with different thicknesses. Both raw foils and foils thermoformed using different geometrical forms were investigated. The three-point-bending tests were performed using span lengths of 8 and 16 mm and variable deflection ranges between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. The influence of water storage on the bending forces was studied using unloaded and loaded specimens. Experimental results were validated using a beam cantilever mathematical model. Results. Local macroscopic cracks after long-term loading could be avoided by keeping the deflections within a thickness-dependent individual range. The mathematical calculations confirmed that these individual deflection ranges lead to local stresses between 14 and 18 MPa. Constantly loaded specimens immersed for 24 hours in water showed a decrease of the bending force by 50%. This reduction was much smaller for the unloaded specimens (14%). Conclusion. During clinical aligner therapy, very small bending deflections are combined with small distances between the tooth surface regions supporting the aligner. In vitro aligner material testing by three-point bending should consider these geometrical aspects, while keeping the material stresses in a range between 14 and 18 MPa to avoid local microcracks. Considering these aspects, thickness-dependent deflections were established for three-point bending of the PET-G specimen for a span length of 8 mm. We recommend the application of these test parameters in future aligner material studies to achieve valid and comparable test results.

β-Unsubstituted oligothiophenes with up to 13 thiophene units are described. These represent the longest oligomers ever reported in this class. In solution, those compounds show a temperature-and concentration-dependent aggregation behavior. Absorption, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy investigations reveal the formation of wormlike aggregates several hundred nanometers in length and ca. 5 nm in width.

No abstract

The Breath-Figure technique was employed to imprint honeycomb structures in the polymer films via the condensation of water vapor on the surface of an evaporating polymer solution. Generally, the condensed water droplets can be stabilized by an end-functional polymer or by particles added to the polymer solution. In this study, we carried out a systematic experiment on the effect of different stabilizers on the porous honeycomb structure under identical physical conditions. The end-functional polymer produced a large area of regular spherical bubbles, whereas adding particles to the polymer solution leads to smaller arrays of the flattened bottom bubbles. The separation length between pores was larger for polymer/particle sample than that of the end-functional polymer films. In the regular area of polymer/particle film many bubbles were not decorated by particles.

The mixture of C 12 E 5 microemulsion with PEG have been studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering in order to determine structure and dynamic of the system. Light scattering experiment shown an exponential relaxation for pure C 12 E 5 microemulsion that with increasing of PEG concentration in the C 12 E 5 microemulsion, relaxation becomes non-exponential, which demonstrates that increase of cooperativity. The study structure of the system with SAXS experiment, shown with increasing of PEG concentration, the size of the droplet doesn't change but interaction between droplets increases that have agreement with light scattering data's.