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Salmonella infections have become a major health concern in recent decades. This pathogen has evolved to become resistant to antibiotics, which has caused problems in its treatment. As such, finding a novel preventive method is important in the treatment and management of this infection. In recent years, uses of probiotics, especially spore-former genera such as Bacillus spp. has become increasingly popular. In this study spores of two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans were fed to rats for three weeks through their daily water intake after which Salmonella Typhimurium was gavaged to the rats. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after gavaging, the number of Salmonella was counted in liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, feces and content of ileum and cecum. Hematological and biochemical parameters, inflammatory mediators, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde were also measured. The results showed that B. subtilis and B. coagulans caused delation in infiltration of Salmonella into the lymph nodes, spleen and liver, reduction of the inflammatory mediators, and decreases in oxidative stress, hematological and biochemical changes. The overall count of Salmonella in the above mentioned parameters has also decreased and a faster return to normal base were also witnessed. The results showed that the use of B. subtilis and B. coagulans can potentially help boost the body's immune system, to combat the effects of exposure to the Salmonella pathogen. Salmonella infections are considered to be a serious and harmful infection affecting humans and animals and a great concern for human health 1. Direct contact with infected animals or their products makes humans infected. Among Salmonella spp., Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are the main serovars that cause human salmonellosis 2. Salmonellosis causes a lot of costs, which includes treatment costs, productivity reduction, the value of premature death and also economic losses because of the livestock and poultry death 3. Preventative measures such as usage of probiotics in animals can control and reduce Salmonella infection, and its costs 4,5. Probiotics are live microorganisms, which have health benefits if administered in adequate amounts 6,7. Most of the reported research on probiotics have focused on the various strains of Lactobacillus. In recent years, uses of spore-forming bacteria and especially Bacillus spp., as probiotics have increased 8. The bacteria's ability to form spore results in higher resistance during the production and storage processes, as well as gastric (pH, digestive enzymes) and intestinal environmental conditions 9. Through direct contact with epithelial cells, also immune cells, activation of gut microflora and modification of its composition, innate and adaptive immunity are influenced by probiotics 10. Modulation of pro-inflammatory (like IFN-γ and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) is one of the principal mechanisms that probio...

No abstract

Busulfan is an alkylating agent that can be used in the treatment and control of chronic myeloblastic leukemia. Milk thistle seed extract of dried herb in 1 to 4 % silymarin is a powerful antioxidant flavonoid. In this study, busulfan and bone marrow suppression were used to assess whether the effect of silymarin can suppress cell death, or at least reduce it. Fortytwo Wistar male rats were fed with a standard diet, divided into six groups of eight rats and treated as follows. Group 1-control group (received nothing). Group 2-control silymarin, 175 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Group 3-anemic control group, 20 mg/kg/day busulfan was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days. Group 4-experimental group 1 received 20 mg/kg/day busulfan (i.p.) for 14 days, and after 2 weeks, 175 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Group 5-two groups received 20 mg/kg/day dose busulfan (i.p.) for 14 days, and after 2 weeks, 250 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Group 6-three groups received 20 mg/kg/day dose busulfan (i.p.) for 14 days, and after 2 weeks, 325 mg/kg/day silymarin was gavage for 14 days. Hematological and bone marrow parameters were measured using standard routine procedures. The results showed that after 2 weeks, in the group that had received busulfan with healthy controls, leukocyte parameters were influenced more by the drug similar to the control group. In samples of bone marrow cells after treatment with silymarin, a slight difference between the groups was observed, but the cells are promyelocyte, myelocyte, and metamyelocyte, and band width in the control group of healthy controls and patient groups treated with silymarin was different. Decrease in bone marrow cells of control group was significantly different from the control group treated with silymarin. The effects of silymarin on bone marrow cells and peripheral blood leukocytes lead to reduced cell death, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells against apoptosis, and the mechanisms, probably due to antioxidant properties, are unknown.