This paper reviews major use cases for blockchain architectures relevant to the energy sector and continues with a critical review of issues to study in future research work including as related to energy consumption of blockchain architectures and ensuring a reliable distribution network and security of supply. It also reviews what is happening in the market with relation to smart contracts.

The shoulder is one of the most complex joints of the human body, mainly because of its large range of motion, but also because of its active muscular stabilisation. Actually, the numerous stabilizing muscles and degrees of freedom yield indeterminate biomechanical models. To solve this indeterminate, most models use reverse dynamics with a simplified ball-socket joint, preventing therefore the natural humerus translation. In this paper, an algorithm was specifically developed to solve the indeterminate problem by a feedback control of muscle activation, allowing the natural humerus translation. Abduction was considered in the scapular plane, accounting for the three deltoid parts and the rotator cuff muscles. The major aim of this study was to validate the numerical algorithm, which was here restricted to two-dimensions in order to compare the numerical solution to a known algebraic one. This comparison gave a relative error below 0.1%. The joint reaction force was comparable to other models and the humerus translation was in agreement with in vivo or in vitro studies.

The partition function of the Hubbard model with local attraction and long range Coulomb repulsion between electrons is written as a functional integral with an action $A$ involving a pairing field $\Delta$ and a local potential $V$. After integration over $V$ and over fluctuations in $|\Delta|^{2}$, the final form of $A$ involves a Josephson coupling between the local phases of $\Delta$ and a "kinetic energy" term, representing the screened Coulomb interaction between charge fluctuations. The competition between Josephson coupling and charging energy allows to understand the relation between $T_{C}$ and composition in high-$T_{C}$ materials, in particular superlattices, alloys and bulk systems of low doping.Comment: 4 pages, revtex, no figures, submitted to Physica B (Proceedings of SCES '96 International Conference, held in Zurich from 19th to 21st of August

We calculate the one-electron Green's function of the 2D attractive Hubbard model by coupling the electrons to pair fluctuations. The latter are approximated by homogeneous amplitude fluctuations and phase correlations corresponding to the XY-model. The electronic density of states shows a pseudogap at temperatures well above the transition temperature TC . For a quasi-3D system, a superconducting gap emerges out of the pseudogap below TC.The 2D attractive Hubbard model is treated by a Stratonovich-Hubbard transformation (SHT), decoupling the interaction term by a complex pairing field ∆. The one-electron Green's function is then approximately given by [1]:The expression for the self-energyinvolves the dynamic correlation function of the pairing field, which is related to the one-electron propagator through the SHT. However, rather than aiming at a self-consistent solution, we adopt a simple form for the pairing correlations and study their influence on the one-electron properties. Introducing amplitude and phase, ∆ ( r, t) = |∆ ( r, t) |e iθ( r,t) , we make the following assumptions :(i) Below the temperature T * , the amplitude fluctuations (assumed to be space-and time-independent) are approximated by a BCS-form, |∆| 2 = Φ 0 1 − T T * , with a prefactor Φ 0 that allows to vary their strength. The average ∆ is zero. The strong anisotropy of underdoped compounds shows that the coupling between the planes is weak. Thus, we model the phase fluctuations as in a 2D-XY system. Above the critical temperature T C , we approximate it by a dispersionless relaxation [2,3] :with a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless correlation length ξ + (T ) = ξ 0 e b √ T −T C and a relaxation frequency γ.(ii) Below the critical temperature T C we keep, for simplicity, the same form (3) for the phase correlations, but with ξ −1 = 0, corresponding to an algebraic decay of correlations. Taking into account a non-zero coupling between the planes (in the third dimension), we introduce a non-zero value for the average of ∆, ∆ 2 = λ |∆| 2 , with a variable parameter λ ≤ 1.We then evaluate σ k, z ν to lowest order by using the non-interacting Green's function and the isotropic spectrum ǫ k =

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