Market implementation of integrated biorefinery requires reliable and advanced processing units combined with ecofriendly and economically profitable production chains. Future developments of the biorefinery systems should include either crop cultivation with selected genotypes that maximize full chain performance either the use of marketable agricultural residual biomass and agro-waste. The aim of the present work was to review the main biorefining opportunities of disposable agricultural residues, agricultural co/by-products and agro-wastes into a broad range of green chemicals and high-value added co/by-products valuable in some emerging technological sectors. The current status and future perspectives of conversion starting from agricultural residual biomasses and agro-wastes into highvalue co/by-products, green chemicals and energy recovery by an approach of integrated biorefinery has been considered. After a recognition on nature, origin and European classification of the main categories of organic residuals from crops, forestry, agro-industrial food processing, aquaculture, fisheries and agro-wastes, this paper has focused its challenge on the main biofuel co/by-products associated to the thermochemical and biological conversion processes.The high-value added co/by-products from the biofuel chains related to some chemical basic-platforms (e.g., succinic acid, cellulose, lignin, glycerin, etc.) have been presented and discussed. Then, a special attention towards potential U. De Corato et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review 2 applications of the high-value added co/by-products and green chemicals in three emerging fields (renewable and sustainable farming systems, bioplastic industry and cell and tissue engineering in biomedical applications) for actual and future players has been given and discuss. Finally, this paper has addressed own concern on the actual and potential biorefining opportunities in the EU and in Italy.

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The aim of the present work was to study if the level and reproducibility of suppressive properties of compost can be increased upon enrichment with biological control agents. A compost made from green waste, organic urban waste and urban sludge was inoculated with commercial formulations of Trichoderma and non-pathogenic Fusarium. The compost showed to be suppressive against some soil-borne pathogens, except R. solani, while such activity was lost after sterilisation. The suppressive effect of enriched compost was assessed in greenhouse trials on cucumber, tomato, bean and basil. The addition of T. harzianum T-22 at 4 g l -1 dosage was able to increase suppressiveness against R. solani of a 40% compost and 60% peat mix and to increase biomass of bean compared to a peat inoculated control. The same enrichment did not reduce suppressiveness of compost against P. ultimum and P. nicotianae, so its addition might be considered a good strategy to increase compost suppressiveness. Disease suppressiveness of sterilised compost was restored by the addition of T. viride TV1 (> 4 g l -1 ) in P.ultimum/cucumber and in P. nicotianae/tomato. This study represents a further step toward the development of a substrate able to control a wide range of soil-borne pathogens and in the use of fortified composts for controlling plant diseases.

Erysiphe necator is favorably influenced by the increase in temperatures and remains the main pathogen threatening grape in Northern Italy. In the present work the efficacy of laminarin and calcium oxide in the control of grape powdery mildew was evaluated, comparing them to sulphur.Two tests were carried out on potted grape "Moscato" plants in 2017 and two field trials were carried out in Italy during 2016 and 2017 on a vineyard of the "Moscato" variety. Laminarin and calcium oxide showed, for the first time, to significantly reduce powdery mildew and this occurred in all trials. However, laminarin was less effective than sulphur in potted trials and in 2016 field trial, and both laminarin and calcium oxide were less effective than sulphur in 2017 field trial.