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A robot-based laser 3D hardening method is proposed as a finishing operation to increase the wear resistance of the metal end-products. The laser hardening process of the surface layer of the products by changing its structure is one of the most effective methods of selective surface hardening. Thermal hardening of metals and alloys by laser radiation is based on local heating of a surface area under the influence of radiation and subsequent cooling of this surface area at a supercritical speed due to heat removal into the inner layers of the metal. The used robot-based laser 3D system (FANUC industrial robot and SCANLAB scanning optics) allows processing the surfaces of any complexity and geometry, including the shafts of the gear mechanism of the seed drill. It was found that the development and improvement of the technological process of manufacturing steel shafts of the gearbox of the seed drill is an urgent technological problem due to the rapid retirement of the shaft, which leads to the expenditure of time and money for its replacement. The most heavily loaded sections of the shaft were pre-estimated using the SolidWorks Simulation software package. A high-power TruDisk 8002 solid-state disk laser with a maximum laser power of 8 kW and a wavelength of laser radiation of 1030 nm is used for high-quality laser surface treatment of the AISI 1066 steel shaft of the gear mechanism. The laser surface heat treatment was carried out using a constant power strategy (continuous mode), varying the laser power in the range of 1.35–2.25 kW. Based on the Fe-Mn two-component state diagram, the critical points of the temperature of complete austenization of the studied steel were previously predicted taking into account the chemical composition of the material. Additionally, the energy density values of the laser beam with a diameter of 1 mm on the working surface was estimated. The results showed that the surface hardness  of  the  shaft  was  about  2.5  times  higher  compared  to  the  untreated  surface.  The  working  ranges  of  laser  heat treatment  parameters  of  the  gearbox  shaft  were  established  to  increase  the  hardening  intensity  (100–150%)  of  the responsible areas.

Evaluations of beneficiary groups matter for individual levels of policy support. A variety of cues and heuristics shape evaluations. One particularly consequential heuristic concerns the beneficiary’s perceived level of humanity. Recent work shows that individuals, individuals within groups (group compositions), and unitary groups evoke different levels of perceived humanity, and that these differences have downstream effects on sympathy and willingness to help. We replicate these findings, and then extend them to government policy support. We find that individuals and group compositions evoke higher levels of support than groups, and that perceived humanity explains this effect. We focus on the Roma, a tough, critical test given pervasive dehumanization and anti-Roma prejudice. Finally, we demonstrate the value of cross-disciplinary extension-replications.