The wakes behind square cylinders with variation in incidence angle are computed over a range of Reynolds numbers to elucidate the three-dimensional stability and dynamics up to a Reynolds number of Re = 300, based on the projected height of the inclined square cylinder. Three-dimensional instability modes are predicted and computed using a linear stability analysis technique and three-dimensional simulations, respectively. Depending on the incidence angle, the flow is found to transition to three-dimensional flow through either a mode A instability, or a subharmonic mode C instability. The mode A instability is predicted as the firstoccurring instability at incidence angles smaller than 12 • and greater than 26 • , with the mode C instability predicted between these incidence angles. At a zero-degree angle of incidence, the wake instabilities closely match modes A, B and a quasiperiodic mode predicted in earlier studies behind square and circular cylinders. With increasing angle of incidence, the three-dimensional wake transition Reynolds number first increases from Re = 164 as the mode A instability weakens, before decreasing again beyond an incidence angle of 12 • as the wake becomes increasingly unstable to the mode C instability, and then again to the mode A instability as the incidence angle approaches 45 • . A spanwise autocorrelation analysis from computations over a cylinder span 20 times the square cross-section side length reveals that beyond the onset of three-dimensional instabilities, the vortex street breaks down with patterns consistent with spatio-temporal chaos. This effect was more pronounced at higher incidence angles.

(1) Intense EX induces a similar increase in Pl-cortisone (~90 %) and corticosterone (~200 %) in the AM and PM, whereas exercise increases CBG in the PM, but not in the AM; (2) vigorous exercise increases Sa-cortisone; (3) Sa-cortisone and cortisol are equally strongly correlated to Pl-cortisol, suggesting a significant role for Sa-cortisone as a novel marker of free cortisol during exercise.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract