La performance aÁ la taà che et la performance contextuelle sont deux dimensions distinctes du comportement au travail qui peuvent contribuer inde pendamment aÁ des re sultats d'efficacite pour les organisations. La performance contextuelle est importante en ce qu'elle repre sente un type de comportement qui est largement sous le controà le motivationnel des l'individus. Peu de recherches se sont inte resse es aÁ la facË on dont l'opportunite aÁ s'engager dans un comportement pouvait etre contraint par des demandes relatives aÁ la situation. Cette e tude examine la contribution d'une performance aÁ la taà che et d'une performance contextuelle relatives aÁ l'efficacite du travail de controà leurs ae riens. La performance contextuelle est pre dite n'avoir d'efficacite que dans des conditions faciles. La performance aÁ la taà che est pre dite avoir de l'efficacite dans des conditions faciles ou difficiles. Les re sultats de cette e tude mettent en lumieÁ re l'importance qu'il y aÁ inclure des facteurs situationnels dans les modeÁ les de performance au travail et d'efficacite .Task performance and contextual performance are two distinct dimensions of behaviour at work that can contribute independently to effectiveness outcomes for organisations. Contextual performance is important because it represents a type of behaviour that is largely under the motivational control of individuals. Little research has addressed how the opportunity to engage in contextual behaviours might be constrained by situational demands. This study examined the contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness in the work of air traffic controllers. As predicted, task difficulty moderated the relationship between contextual performance and effectiveness. The results demonstrate that contextual performance does contribute to effectiveness in technical domains, such as air traffic control, and highlight the importance of assessing situational factors when assessing performance and effectiveness.

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This study investigated the effect of a single work group deviant on other group members' perceptions of the deviant, and their perceptions of the cohesiveness of the group as a whole. Group members, particularly those high in perceived self-typicality, were expected to downgrade the deviant, and view groups containing a deviant as less cohesive. Undergraduate management students were placed in a simulated organizational context in which deviance was manipulated so that the participant's work group contained either a single negative deviant or no deviant. Results showed that the deviant colleague was judged less favorably than the normative colleague, particularly by those high in perceived self-typicality. Groups that contained a deviant were perceived as having lower levels of task cohesion, but ratings of social cohesion varied depending on perceivers' self-typicality. The findings suggest that as well as attracting negative evaluations, deviant group members can adversely affect group cohesion.

BackgroundAnti-malarial compounds have not yet been identified that target the first obligatory step of infection in humans: the migration of Plasmodium sporozoites in the host dermis. This movement is essential to find and invade a blood vessel in order to be passively transported to the liver. Here, an imaging screening pipeline was established to screen for compounds capable of inhibiting extracellular sporozoites.MethodsSporozoites expressing the green fluorescent protein were isolated from infected Anopheles mosquitoes, incubated with compounds from two libraries (MMV Malaria Box and a FDA-approved library) and imaged. Effects on in vitro motility or morphology were scored. In vivo efficacy of a candidate drug was investigated by treating mice ears with a gel prior to infectious mosquito bites. Motility was analysed by in vivo imaging and the progress of infection was monitored by daily blood smears.ResultsSeveral compounds had a pronounced effect on in vitro sporozoite gliding or morphology. Notably, monensin sodium potently affected sporozoite movement while gramicidin S resulted in rounding up of sporozoites. However, pre-treatment of mice with a topical gel containing gramicidin did not reduce sporozoite motility and infection.ConclusionsThis approach shows that it is possible to screen libraries for inhibitors of sporozoite motility and highlighted the paucity of compounds in currently available libraries that inhibit this initial step of a malaria infection. Screening of diverse libraries is suggested to identify more compounds that could serve as leads in developing ‘skin-based’ malaria prophylactics. Further, strategies need to be developed that will allow compounds to effectively penetrate the dermis and thereby prevent exit of sporozoites from the skin.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2469-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.