In the manufacturing industry, the smart factory is considered the final stage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Manufacturing companies are pursuing breakthroughs by introducing various advanced technologies to ensure their competitiveness. However, it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to adopt smart-factory technologies, owing to financial and technical burdens. This paper proposes a smart factory that can be applied technically and strategically to the introduction of a smart factory for SMEs. The concept of an ‘appropriate smart factory’ involves applying appropriate measures in terms of cost and scale with consideration of the situations faced by SMEs. The goal is to build a smart factory that has necessary functions (Essential) but can be easily operated (Simple) at a low cost (Affordable) and has compatibility (Interoperable). This paper presents technical application measures such as appropriate smart sensors, appropriate IoT (Internet of Things), and small data processing, along with the definition of an appropriate smart factory. In addition, a case study was examined where the quality inspection equipment for garment manufacturing SMEs was developed by applying the appropriate smart factory concept.

The trends of machining difficult-to-machine materials and of dry machining or MQL lead to high temperatures in the cutting zone and increase the importance of thermal factors in the machining process. Besides amplified thermal tool loading and wear, the thermal fluxes affect the machining accuracy due to thermo-elastic deformations. Thus it is extremely important to know the magnitudes of these heat flows in order to assess the machining process heat and the tool wear and to develop compensation strategies against thermal tool center point (TCP) displacements. Based on the FE modeling of the cutting processes, the paper describes methods of determining the generated thermal energy and heat fluxes. Furthermore, new methods are presented how and in which partitions this heat flows into the workpiece, the tool and the chips. In order to validate the methods, 2D FE models are compared with temperature and force measurements carried out on a broaching test bed. The methods are applied on cutting examples which are investigated in the papers of Komanduri and Hou using analytical models. Thus, the simulation allows an assessment of the heat fluxes in real cutting processes in comparison with analytical and simplified numerical models.

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