BACKGROUND: Nociplastic pain has been recently introduced as a third mechanistic descriptor of pain arising primarily from alterations of neural processing, in contrast to pain due to tissue damage leading to nociceptor activation (nociceptive) or due to lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system (neuropathic). It is characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia, inconsistency and reversibility, as well as dynamic cross-system interactions with biological and psychobehavioral factors. Along with this renewed understanding, functional pain disorders, also classified as chronic primary pain, are being reframed as biopsychosocial conditions that benefit from multimodal treatment. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current understanding of nociplastic pain and functional pain disorders, with a focus on conditions that are common in neurology practice. METHODS: This was a narrative literature review. RESULTS: Chronic back pain, fibromyalgia syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome are best understood within a biopsychosocial framework of pain perception that considers structural factors (predispositions and sequelae) and psychobehavioral mechanisms. Although pain is often the primary complaint, it should not be the only focus of treatment, as accompanying symptoms such as sleep or mood problems can significantly impact quality of life and offer useful leverage points for multimodal treatment. Analgesic pharmacotherapy is rarely helpful on its own, and should always be imbedded in a multidisciplinary setting.
ZusammenfassungPsychogene nicht-epileptische Anfälle (PNES) treten im Kontext verschiedener Erkrankungen auf. Die Ätiologie ist noch weitgehend unverstanden. Bisherige Konzepte gehen von einer erhöhten Rate an Trauma – Folgestörungen als ätiologische Erklärung für PNES aus, was sich durch Studien mehrfach belegen ließ 1 2. Klinisch imponiert das Krankheitsbild bedrohlich, wodurch die Betroffenen häufig intensivmedizinische Maßnahmen erhalten, ohne dass sie davon profitieren 3. v. a. in Epilepsiezentren häufen sich Betroffene, da hier eine diagnostische Abgrenzung zu epileptischen Anfällen möglich ist. Oft gestaltet sich der Übergang von der Diagnosestellung in der Epileptologie zur Weiterbehandlung in die Psychosomatik schwierig, da sowohl Patienten/innen als auch Behandelnde oft in somatischen Krankheitskonzepten verhaftet sind 28. Aufgrund der notwendigen Interdisziplinarität zwischen Neurologie und Psychosomatik wurde an der Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin eine Spezialambulanz für Menschen mit dissoziativen Anfällen gegründet, welche sich im Übergang von Neurologie zu Psychosomatik ansiedelt und als Kooperationsprojekt funktioniert 27. Aus der Ambulanz heraus wurde zudem ein Gruppenbehandlungsprogramm (Kördis) entwickelt. Dieses modularisierte 10-wöchige Therapieprogramm wird im Folgenden inhaltlich vorgestellt und ist weiterhin Gegenstand einer aktuell noch laufenden randomisierten, kontrollierten Evaluationsstudie. In den hier vorgestellten Pilotdaten aus der laufenden RCT Studie zeigte sich eine signifikante Verbesserung der Anfallsstärke (gemessen mit der Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale LSSS) sowie der Dissoziationsneigung (gemessen mit dem Fragebogen für dissoziative Symptome FDS-20) durch das Therapieprogramm (LSSS-Wert prä-interventionell: 49,2±4,2; LSSS-Wert post-interventionell: 46,8±5,4; t(10)=2,73; p=0,02; FDS-20 -Wert prä-interventionell: 25,3±14,6; FDS-20 -Wert post-interventionell: 19,7±8,8; t(10)=2,18; p=0,05).
Objective Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), a common phenomenon in neurological settings, are regarded as a paroxysmal type of functional neurological disorder (FND). In a substantial proportion, PNES are disabling with poor long-term outcomes and high economic costs. Despite the clinical and financial consequences of PNES, there is still a lack of controlled clinical trials on the treatment of this challenging disorder. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility and collect first evidence of the efficacy of a group based-intervention in PNES-patients. Methods A pilot randomized controlled feasibility study with a parallel-group design was performed in adult outpatients with PNES to evaluate a new body-focused group therapy (CORDIS) versus guided self-help groups. Self-assessment of dissociation (Dissociation Experience Scale—DES-20) and seizure severity (Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale—LSSS) were assessed two weeks before and two weeks after the treatment intervention and also six months after treatment as primary outcome parameters. Results A total of 53 patients were recruited from a specialized outpatient clinic, and out of those, 29 patients completed either the body-focused group therapy program (n = 15) or a guided self-help group (SHG) therapy (n = 14). When analyzing the ITT sample (n = 22 CORDIS group, n = 20 SHG), both groups showed an effect on seizure severity and level of dissociation. In the per protocol sample (n = 13 CORDIS group, n = 12 SHG), CORDIS was superior to the self-help group for reducing seizure severity 6 months after the treatment. Significance CORDIS is a newly developed body-focused group therapy program for adults with PNES. Further studies should include a multicentric design with a higher number of participants.
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