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Abstract-Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) abstract from the domain entities and operations to represent domain knowledge in the form of an executable language. While they solve many of the current software development challenges, related literature claims that DSLs usually have a flaw: The high effort required to implement and use them. However, internal DSLs are developed with less effort because they are built on top of an existing programming language and can use the whole language infrastructure consisting of interpreter, compiler, or editors. This article presents an engineering process for internal DSLs. An agile process leads from analysis to design and implementation. Expressions and language capabilities are implemented using tests and a set of patterns, which provide reusable knowledge how to properly structure and design the DSL implementation. As a case study, we show how to implement a software product line configuration DSL using Ruby and Python as host languages. In summary, the proposed process and patterns facilitate the successful planning and developing of internal DSLs using dynamic programming languages as the host.

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In this paper, we describe a procedure model for monitoring energy consumption of IT services. The model comprises the steps for identifying and extracting the required data, as well as a mathematic model to predict the energy consumption on both the infrastructure and the service level. Using the example of a distributed and shared ERP system, in which services are represented by ERP transactions, we evaluate the procedure model within a controlled experiment. The model was trained on monitoring data, gathered by performing a benchmark, which triggered more than 1,116,000 dialog steps, initiated by 6000 simulated SAP ERP users. During the benchmark, we monitored the dedicated resource usage for each transaction in terms of CPU time, database request time and database calls as well as the energy consumption of all servers involved in completing the transactions. Our developed procedure model enables IT service providers and business process outsourcers to assign their monitored hardware energy consumption to the actual consuming ERP transactions like creating sales orders, changing outbound deliveries or creating billing documents in watt per hour. The resulting dedicated energy costs can be transferred directly to overlying IT products or to individual organizations that share a multitenant ERP system. The research is mainly relevant for practitioners, especially for internal and external IT service providers. Our results serve as an early contribution to a paradigm shift in the granularity of energy monitoring, which needs to be carried forward to comply with an integrated and product-oriented information management and the ongoing extensive use of cloud-and IT service offerings in business departments.