Bacterial wilt induced by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is endemic to Brazil, where it can cause variable losses in many hosts. Its economic importance, however, cannot be precisely measured due to Brazil’s continental size, subject to variable weather conditions which directly affect disease expression. The objectives of this paper were (i) to gather scattered information on historical facts; (ii) to show the current distribution of the pathogen in the country, and (iii) to comment on future trends on the importance of the disease in economically important current and potential hosts, based on the pathogen’s variability and the global climate change under way.

BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), particularly those entrapped in polymeric nanosystems, have arisen as options for managing plant bacterial diseases. Among the biopolymers useful for the entrapment of AgNPs, chitosan is promising because of its low cost, good biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties and biodegradability. The present study aimed: (i) to greenly-synthesize AgNPs using different concentrations of aqueous extract of tomato leaves followed by entrapment of AgNPs with chitosan (CH-AgNPs); (ii) to characterize the optical, structural and biological properties of the nanosystems produced; (iii) to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of AgNPs and nanomaterials; and (iv) to assess the effectiveness of AgNPs and nanomaterials for controlling tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. RESULTS: Spherical and oval AgNPs had incipient colloidal instability, although the concentration of the tomato leaf extractinfluenced both size (< 87 nm) and the polydispersity index. Nanomaterials (< 271 nm in size) were characterized by a highly stable matrix of chitosan containing polydisperse AgNPs. Free AgNPs and CH-AgNPs were stable for up to 30 days, with no significant alteration in physicochemical parameters. The AgNPs and nanomaterials had antibacterial activity and decreased bacterial growth at micromolar concentrations after 48 h. Morphological changes in R. solanacearum cells were observed after treatment with CH-AgNPs. The application of CH-AgNPs at 256 mol L −1 reduced the incidence of bacterial wilt in a partially resistant tomato genotype but not in the susceptible line. CONCLUSION: Greenly-synthesized chitosan-derived nanomaterials containing AgNPs produced with leaf extracts from their own species appear to comprise a promising and sustainable alternative in an integrated management approach aiming to reduce the yield losses caused by bacterial wilt. Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticlesAgNPs immersed in a polymeric matrix of chitosan were produced using the ionic gelation method with the addition of sodium J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99: 4248-4259 /jsfa FTIR FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the possible functional groups present in biomolecules from S. lycopersicum leaf extract and their role in the synthesis of AgNPs, as well as the role of J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99: 4248-4259 Figure 3. Transmission electron micrographs of AgNPs synthesized using 5 mg mL −1 tomato leaf extract (5AgNPs) (A) or 10 mg mL −1 tomato leaf extract (10AgNPs) (B), nanomaterial derived from 5AgNPs associated with chitosan (5CH-AgNPs) (C), nanomaterial derived from 10AgNPs associated with chitosan (10CH-AgNPs) (D), dry diameter assessed by TEM of AgNPs and chitosan-based nanomaterials (E) and hydrodynamic diameter dispersion of nanoparticles and nanomaterials (F). Scale bars = 20 nm. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99: 4248-4259 CONCLUSIONSNanotechnology is a promising area with respect to the development of products for controlling bacterial plant pathogens. AgNPs alone and AgNPs-coated/entrapped with chitosa...

h i g h l i g h t s UFV-56 (Bacillus thuringiensis) and UFV-62 (B. cereus) suppressed eucalyptus wilt. Selection of antagonists using tomato as a model system was a successful approach. UFV-56 apparently reduced bacterial wilt by producing HCN and volatile compounds. UFV-62 apparently reduced bacterial wilt of eucalyptus by producing siderophores.

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